This
work introduces a technology that combines fluorescence anisotropy
decay with microscale-volume viscometry to investigate the compaction
and dynamics of ribosome-bound nascent proteins. Protein folding in
the cell, especially when nascent chains emerge from the ribosomal
tunnel, is poorly understood. Previous investigations based on fluorescence
anisotropy decay determined that a portion of the ribosome-bound nascent
protein apomyoglobin (apoMb) forms a compact structure. This work,
however, could not assess the size of the compact region. The combination
of fluorescence anisotropy with microscale-volume viscometry, presented
here, enables identifying the size of compact nascent-chain subdomains
using a single fluorophore label. Our results demonstrate that the
compact region of nascent apoMb contains 57–83 amino acids
and lacks residues corresponding to the two native C-terminal helices.
These amino acids are necessary for fully burying the nonpolar residues
in the native structure, yet they are not available for folding before
ribosome release. Therefore, apoMb requires a significant degree of
post-translational folding for the generation of its native structure.
In summary, the combination of fluorescence anisotropy decay and microscale-volume
viscometry is a powerful approach to determine the size of independently
tumbling compact regions of biomolecules. This technology is of general
applicability to compact macromolecules linked to larger frameworks.