Intermediate Temperature Fluids Life Tests — Theory

Tarau, Calin; Sarraf, David B.; Locci, Ivan E.; Anderson, William G.

doi:10.1063/1.2437450

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Saaski and Owzarsky (1977) proposed an electrochemical method to predict the compatibility of halide working fluids with envelope materials. Tarau, Sarraf, Locci and Anderson (2007) found that this procedure had good agreement with the halide life tests discussed above.…”

Section: Halidesmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…(Saaski 1977(Saaski , 1980) Diphenyl/Black Iron 523 K (250°C)/7,158 hrs (Kenney, 1978) Diphenyl/Stainless Steel Cycle 598 K to 653 K (325°C to 380°C)/5,520 hrs./ 316 SS (Grzyll, 1991(Grzyll, , 1994(Grzyll, , 1995 623 K (350°C)/ 5,520 hrs./316 SS (Grzyll, 1991(Grzyll, , 1994(Grzyll, , 1995 548 K (275°C)/6,174 hrs/304 SS (Kenney, 1978) 543 K (270°C)/~9,000 hrs./316L SS (Groll, 1982(Groll, , 1987(Groll, , 1989 Short Term 673 K (400°C)/1200 hrs./304 SS (Kenney/ Feldman) 748 K (475°C)/72 hrs./304 SS (Kenney, 1978) 738 K (465°C)/100 hrs./304 SS (Kenney, 1978) 695 K (422°C)/366 hrs./304 SS (Kenney, 1978) 673 K(400°C)/~9,000 hrs./316L SS (Groll, 1982(Groll, , 1987(Groll, , 1989 Diphenyl Oxide/ Stainless Steel Short Term 573 K (300°C)/3200 hrs./347 SS & 304 SS (LASL, 1968a(LASL, , 1968b(LASL, , 1970 Dowtherm A/Mild Steel 543 K (270°C)/~40,000 hrs/ST 35 (Groll, 1982(Groll, , 1987(Groll, , 1989 523 K (250°C)/8383 hrs. (Kenney, 1978) 573 K (300°C) /~40000 hrs./ST 35 (Groll, 1982(Groll, , 1987(Groll, , 1989 Dowtherm A/ Stainless Steel 573 K (300°C)/~40,000 hrs/321 SS (Groll, 1982(Groll, , 1987(Groll, , 1989 541 K (268°C)/24,500 hrs/304 SS (Kenney, 1978) Short Term 673 K (400°C)/1,200 hrs (Kenney, 1978) 618 K (345°C)/1,000 hrs./304 SS (Anderson et al, 2007) 723 K (450°C)/180 hrs./304 SS…”

Section: B Organic Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Kenney, 1978) 573 K (300°C) /~40000 hrs./ST 35 (Groll, 1982(Groll, , 1987(Groll, , 1989 Dowtherm A/ Stainless Steel 573 K (300°C)/~40,000 hrs/321 SS (Groll, 1982(Groll, , 1987(Groll, , 1989 541 K (268°C)/24,500 hrs/304 SS (Kenney, 1978) Short Term 673 K (400°C)/1,200 hrs (Kenney, 1978) 618 K (345°C)/1,000 hrs./304 SS (Anderson et al, 2007) 723 K (450°C)/180 hrs./304 SS (Anderson et al 2007) 673 K (400°C)/1,770 hrs./304 SS (Anderson et al, 2007) 623 K (350°C)/~40,000 hrs/321 SS (Groll, 1982(Groll, , 1987(Groll, , 1989 (Groll, 1982(Groll, , 1987(Groll, , 1989) Dowtherm A/Titanium 543 K(270°C)/~9,000 hrs. (Groll, 1982(Groll, , 1987(Groll, , 1989 406°C (680K)/~2,000 hrs (Anderson et al 2007) (Saaski 1977(Saaski , 1980 Naphthalene/Mild Steel 543 K (270°C)/~26,000 hrs./ST 35 & 13CrMo44 6 . (Groll, 1982(Groll, , 1987(Groll, , 1989 Naphthalene/Stainless Steel Cycle 598 K to 653 K (325°C to 380°C)/5,520 hrs./ 316 SS (Grzyll, 1991(Grzyll, , 1994(Grzyll, , 1995 623 K (350°C)/ 5,520 hrs./316 SS (Grzyll, 1991(Grzyll, , 1994(Grzyll, , 1995 593 K (320°C)/~9,000 hrs/316L SS / (Groll, 1982(Groll, , 1987(Groll, , 1989 (Groll, 1982(Groll, , 1987…”

Section: B Organic Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No tests to date with an aluminum envelope have been successful. This is due to the very high decomposition potential of aluminum when compared to other metals (Tarau, 2007).…”

Section: Halidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intermediate Temperature Heat Pipe Life Tests and Analyses

Anderson

Tamanna

Tarau

et al. 2013

43rd International Conference on Environmental Systems

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There are a number of applications that could use heat pipes or loop heat pipes (LHPs) in the intermediate temperature range of 450 to 750 K, including space nuclear power system radiators, fuel cells, geothermal power, waste heat recovery systems, and high temperature electronics cooling. Since 2004, we have been conducting life tests at temperatures up to 550 K with water and Commercially Pure Titanium Grade 2 (CP-Ti), titanium alloys, Monel 400, and Monel K500 heat pipes. Since 2006, life tests have been conducted at temperatures up to 673 K with titanium and Hastelloy B-3, C-22, and C-2000 envelopes paired with AlBr 3 , GaCl 3 , SnCl 4 , TiCl 4 , and TiBr 4 halide working fluids. Recently, roughly half of these heat pipes were selected for destructive evaluation. The working fluids were analyzed, and sections of the heat pipes were examined to determine the type and amount of corrosion in the wicks and heat pipes. The results showed that Titanium/water and Monel/water heat pipes are suitable for temperatures up to 550 K. Analysis of titanium/water heat pipe crosssections using optical and electron microscopy revealed little if any corrosion even when observed at high magnifications. Copper depleted zones, as well as copper surface nodules formed on the Monel 400 screen wick, but not on the Monel K500 envelopes. An analysis of the water working fluids showed minimal pickup of metals. The long terms tests also established that Titanium/TiBr 4 at 653 K, and Hastelloy B-3, C-22 and C-2000/AlBr 3 at 673 K were compatible. Hastelloy C-2000 underwent little corrosion when used with TiCl 4 working fluid. Hastelloy C-22 exhibited a 5-10 micrometer thick dual corrosion layer when tested with AlBr 3 working fluid. The results indicate that the tested envelope materials and working fluids can form viable material/working fluid combinations.

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Section: Halidesmentioning

confidence: 65%

Section: B Organic Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Organic Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No tests to date with an aluminum envelope have been successful. This is due to the very high decomposition potential of aluminum when compared to other metals (Tarau, 2007).…”

Section: Halidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intermediate Temperature Heat Pipe Life Tests and Analyses

Anderson

Tamanna

Tarau

et al. 2013

43rd International Conference on Environmental Systems

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“…Sodium (Anderson, Dussinger, and Sarraf, 2006) Potassium (Lundberg, 1984;Sena and Merrigan, 1990) Cesium (Dussinger, Anderson, and Sunada, 2005) Titanium Tetrachloride (Tarau et al, 2007) Titanium Tetrabromide Naphthalene (GroU, 1989 ;Vasil'ev et al, 1988) Dowtherm A (Heine, Groll, andBrost, 1984;GroU, 1989) Toluene (Heine, Groll, andBrost, 1984;Groll, 1989) Water (Heine, Groll, and Brost, 1984;Groll, 1989;Antoniak et al, 1991;Anderson, Dussinger, and Sarraf, 2006) Ammonia (Ishizuka, Sasaki, and Miyazaki, 1985) Nitrogen (Swanson et al, 1995) and in Loop Heat Pipes with cesium (Anderson, Dussinger, and Sarraf, 2006), and ammonia (Ku et al, 2005).…”

Section: Titaniumavater Compatibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Titanium Loop Heat Pipes for Space Nuclear Power Systems

Hartenstine¹,

Anderson²,

Bonner³

et al. 2008

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Space nuclear power systems require a radiator to dissipate the waste heat generated during the thermal-toelectric conversion process. A previously conducted radiator trade study showed that radiators with titanium/water Loop Heat Pipes (LHP) have the highest specific power (ratio of heat dissipation to radiator mass) in the temperature range from 300 K to 550 K. A prototype titanium/water LHP was designed and fabricated to operate within this temperature range. The LHP was all titanium, to eliminate incompatibility problems between water and dissimilar metals. The LHP had a 2.54 cm (1 inch) CD., 20 cm (8 in.) long evaporator wick, and was designed to carry 500 W of heat load. The liquid and vapor lines were roughly 2 m long, typical of the requirements for a spacecraft radiator. The LHP was tested to more than 550 W, at an adverse elevation of 5 cm and an operating temperature of 413 K. This paper describes the details of the titanium/water LHP design, wick development, and titanium LHP fabrication and tests.

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