Intermittent Cooling Reduces Perceived Exertion but Has No Effect on Baseball Hitting or Defense Performance in a Hot Environment

Huang, Junsheng; Lin, Chung-I; Liao, Chih-Yang; Hsieh, Meng-Hung; Lin, Han-Szu; Chang, Chen-Kang

doi:10.52082/jssm.2022.137

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Similarly, Shibasaki et al (2019) found that executive functions decreased after moderate-intensity exercise at heat condition (35 °C, 30%-40% RH) (Shibasaki et al, 2019). Notably, significant improvements were found in Stroop response and more-odd shifting test after using pre-cooling and intermittent mixedcooling strategies, which are inconsistent with the findings of Tessa Maroni (Maroni et al, 2018) and Jyh-How Huang (Huang et al, 2022). Compared with the cooling interventions in the above two studies, the cooling interventions in our study had three main differences.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Effects of mixed-cooling strategies on executive functions in simulated tennis in hot and humid conditions

Wen

Liu²,

Li³

et al. 2022

Front. Physiol.

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This study aimed to investigate the effects of mixed-cooling strategies, which combines external (cooling vest + neck cooled collar) and internal cooling (cold sports drink ingestion) on measures of executive function during simulated tennis in hot/humid conditions. In a counterbalanced design (randomised order), eight males undertook two trials [one with the mixed-cooling strategy, (MCOOL condition) and another without (CON condition)] in a climate chamber (36.5°C, 50% relative humidity). All subjects completed an intermittent treadmill protocol simulating a three-set tennis match with a 90-second break during odd-numbered games and 120-second breaks between sets, in accordance with the activity profile and International Tennis Federation rules. The mixed-cooling strategies were adopted before test and break time during the simulated tennis match. Stroop task, 2-back task, More-odd shifting task, gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi), skin temperature, blood lactic acid (BLA), heart rate, urine specific gravity (USG), sweat rate (SR), thermal sensation (TS) and perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. Results showed that the mean exercise time was longer in the MCOOL condition than in the CON condition. The SR was greater in CON trial compared with that in MCOOL trial. Results of two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures revealed that time×condition interactions were significant in BLA, Stroop response time, and switch cost of the more-odd shifting task. There were main effects of condition for Tgi, HR, TS, RPE, BLA, Stroop response time, and switch cost of the more-odd shifting task. In a hot/wet environment, pre- and intermittent mixed-cooling strategies can significantly improve exercise time and measures of executive function of tennis players in a simulated tennis match.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Effects of mixed-cooling strategies on executive functions in simulated tennis in hot and humid conditions

Wen

Liu²,

Li³

et al. 2022

Front. Physiol.

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“…Using these defining criteria, nine studies examined level 5 participants (~ 26%) [29,30,86,91,[106][107][108][109][110], 12 studies examined level 4 participants (~ 35%) [82, 87, 88, 92-97, 102, 111, 112], 6 studies examined level 3 participants (~ 18%) [84,89,[113][114][115][116], 9 studies examined level 2 participants (~ 26%) [84, 98-102, 108, 117, 118] and 1 study examined level 1 participants (~ 3%) [84]. One study did not clearly report their participants level of competition [119].…”

Section: Characteristics Of the Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the 34 included studies, 27 were observational, 5 were experimental (2 parallel group and 3 repeated measures randomised controlled trials), and 2 were quasi-experimental (1 parallel group and 1 repeated measures non-randomised controlled trial). In-competition T c has been reported in tennis [92-97, 100-102, 107, 112, 114, 116], soccer [88,108,109,111,118,119], rugby union [98,99,117], Australian Rules football [29,110,115], rugby sevens [30,91,106], squash [84], judo [87], handball [86], cricket [82], basketball [89] and baseball [113]. Rectal measures of T c were most common and used in 21 studies (~ 62%), whereas gastrointestinal methods were used in 14 studies (~ 41%; one study was forced to use a combination due to technical difficulties with their gastrointestinal devices and thus has been counted in both).…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Core Body Temperatures in Intermittent Sports: A Systematic Review

et al. 2023

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Background Hyperthermia (and associated health and performance implications) can be a significant problem for athletes and teams involved in intermittent sports. Quantifying the highest thermal strain (i.e. peak core body temperature [peak Tc]) from a range of intermittent sports would enhance our understanding of the thermal requirements of sport and assist in making informed decisions about training or match-day interventions to reduce thermally induced harm and/or performance decline. Objective The objective of this systematic review was to synthesise and characterise the available thermal strain data collected in competition from intermittent sport athletes. Methods A systematic literature search was performed on Web of Science, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus to identify studies up to 17 April 2023. Electronic databases were searched using a text mining method to provide a partially automated and systematic search strategy retrieving terms related to core body temperature measurement and intermittent sport. Records were eligible if they included core body temperature measurement during competition, without experimental intervention that may influence thermal strain (e.g. cooling), in healthy, adult, intermittent sport athletes at any level. Due to the lack of an available tool that specifically includes potential sources of bias for physiological responses in descriptive studies, a methodological evaluation checklist was developed and used to document important methodological considerations. Data were not meta-analysed given the methodological heterogeneity between studies and therefore were presented descriptively in tabular and graphical format. Results A total of 34 studies were selected for review; 27 were observational, 5 were experimental (2 parallel group and 3 repeated measures randomised controlled trials), and 2 were quasi-experimental (1 parallel group and 1 repeated measures non-randomised controlled trial). Across all included studies, 386 participants (plus participant numbers not reported in two studies) were recruited after accounting for shared data between studies. A total of 4 studies (~ 12%) found no evidence of hyperthermia, 24 (~ 71%) found evidence of ‘modest’ hyperthermia (peak Tc between 38.5 and 39.5 °C), and 6 (~ 18%) found evidence of ‘marked’ hyperthermia (peak Tc of 39.5 °C or greater) during intermittent sports competition. Conclusions Practitioners and coaches supporting intermittent sport athletes are justified to seek interventions aimed at mitigating the high heat strain observed in competition. More research is required to determine the most effective interventions for this population that are practically viable in intermittent sports settings (often constrained by many competing demands). Greater statistical power and homogeneity among studies are required to quantify the independent effects of wet bulb globe temperature, competition duration, sport and level of competition on peak Tc, all of which are likely to be key modulators of the thermal strain experienced by competing athletes. Registration This systematic review was registered on the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/vfb4s; https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/EZYFA, 4 January 2021).

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“…Body cooling strategies may be classified as internal and external cooling strategies. Several studies have investigated the efficacy of external cooling strategies for baseball and cricket players [ 5 , 8 – 11 ]. External cooling of cricket pitchers was shown to prevent increases in T c , sk , HR, RPE, and TS during bowling simulations in a hot environment [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment: a randomized crossover trial

Numata

Yanaoka

Kurosaka

et al. 2023

J Physiol Anthropol

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Background Although softball players are often required to play in hot environments, scarce evidence is available regarding the effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and pitching performance in softball pitchers in a hot environment. Thus, this study investigated the effects of ice slurry ingestion before and between innings on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment. Methods In a randomized crossover design, seven heat-acclimatized amateur softball pitchers (four males and three females) completed simulated softball games consisting of 15 best-effort pitches per inning for seven innings with between-pitch rest intervals of 20 s. Participants were assigned to either a control trial (CON: ingestion of 5.0 g·kg−1 of cool fluid [9.8 ± 2.2 °C] before simulated softball games and 1.25 g·kg−1 of cool fluid between inning intervals) or an ice trial (ICE: ingestion of ice slurry [− 1.2 ± 0.1 °C] based on the same timings and doses as the CON). Participants performed both trials in an outdoor ground during the summer season (30.8 ± 2.7 °C, 57.0 ± 7.9% relative humidity). Results Ice slurry ingestion before the simulated softball game (pre-cooling) resulted in a greater reduction in rectal temperature compared with cool fluid ingestion (p = 0.021, d = 0.68). No significant differences were observed between the trials in rectal temperature changes during the simulated softball game (p > 0.05). Compared to the CON, heart rate during the game was significantly decreased (p < 0.001, d = 0.43), and handgrip strength during the game was significantly increased (p = 0.001, d = 1.16) in the ICE. Ratings of perceived exertion, thermal comfort, and thermal sensation were improved in the ICE compared to those in the CON (p < 0.05). Ball velocity and pitching accuracy were not affected by ICE. Conclusions Ice slurry ingestion before and between innings reduced thermal, cardiovascular, and perceptual strain. However, it did not affect softball pitching performance compared to cool fluid ingestion.

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Intermittent Cooling Reduces Perceived Exertion but Has No Effect on Baseball Hitting or Defense Performance in a Hot Environment

Cited by 4 publications

References 43 publications

Effects of mixed-cooling strategies on executive functions in simulated tennis in hot and humid conditions

Effects of mixed-cooling strategies on executive functions in simulated tennis in hot and humid conditions

Core Body Temperatures in Intermittent Sports: A Systematic Review

Effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment: a randomized crossover trial

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