Intermittent fasting interventions for treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Harris, Leanne; Hamilton, Sharon; Azevedo, Liane B.; Olajide, Joan; Brún, Caroline De; Waller, Gillian; Whittaker, Victoria; Sharp, Tracey; Lean, Mike; Hankey, Catherine; Ells, Louisa

doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2016-003248

Cited by 241 publications

(246 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The most common IF protocols adopted by people in attempt to lose weight involve daily fasting for up to 16 hours; or fasting periods of up to 24 hours interspersed with normal feeding days [3,4]. Despite demonstrated weight loss [5][6][7], more studies are needed to evaluate whether alternate-day IF diets promote health benefits or could cause undesired effects in the long run.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intermittent Fasting for Twelve Weeks Leads to Increases in Fat Mass and Hyperinsulinemia in Young Female Wistar Rats

et al. 2020

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Fasting is known to cause physiological changes in the endocrine pancreas, including decreased insulin secretion and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, there is no consensus about the long-term effects of intermittent fasting (IF), which can involve up to 24 hours of fasting interspersed with normal feeding days. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of alternate-day IF for 12 weeks in a developing and healthy organism. Female 30-day-old Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: control, with free access to standard rodent chow; and IF, subjected to 24-hour fasts intercalated with 24-hours of free access to the same chow. Alternate-day IF decreased weight gain and food intake. Surprisingly, IF also elevated plasma insulin concentrations, both at baseline and after glucose administration collected during oGTT. After 12 weeks of dietary intervention, pancreatic islets displayed increased ROS production and apoptosis. Despite their lower body weight, IF animals had increased fat reserves and decreased muscle mass. Taken together, these findings suggest that alternate-day IF promote β -cell dysfunction, especially in developing animals. More long-term research is necessary to define the best IF protocol to reduce side effects.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intermittent Fasting for Twelve Weeks Leads to Increases in Fat Mass and Hyperinsulinemia in Young Female Wistar Rats

et al. 2020

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“…Intermittent fasting appears to produce similar results to CER in terms of weight loss and the associated changes in body composition and risk factors for metabolic disease. Several reviews , including some systematic reviews with or without meta‐analysis, concur that intermittent fasting in adults with overweight or obesity produces losses in body weight, fat mass and fat‐free mass, as well as improvements in risk factors for cardio metabolic disease (such as circulating levels of insulin, glucose or lipids) that are equivalent – albeit not superior – to those induced by CER. One caveat with this conclusion is that most of the reviewed publications were not sufficiently powered to fully assess all of these outcomes, and most outcomes were measured at less than 6 months after commencement of the intervention.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rationale for novel intermittent dieting strategies to attenuate adaptive responses to energy restriction

et al. 2018

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Eating patterns involving intermittent energy restriction (IER) include 'intermittent fasting' where energy intake is severely restricted for several 'fasting' days per week, with 'refeeding' days (involving greater energy intake than during fasting days) at other times. Intermittent fasting does not improve weight loss compared to continuous energy restriction (CER), where energy intake is restricted every day. We hypothesize that weight loss from IER could be improved if refeeding phases involved restoration of energy balance (i.e. not ongoing energy restriction, as during intermittent fasting). There is some evidence in adults with overweight or obesity showing that maintenance of a lower weight may attenuate (completely or partially) some of the adaptive responses to energy restriction that oppose ongoing weight loss. Other studies show some adaptive responses persist unabated for years after weight loss. Only five randomized controlled trials in adults with overweight or obesity have compared CER with IER interventions that achieved energy balance (or absence of energy restriction) during refeeding phases. Two reported greater weight loss than CER, whereas three reported similar weight loss between interventions. While inconclusive, it is possible that achieving energy balance (i.e. avoiding energy restriction or energy excess) during refeeding phases may be important in realizing the potential of IER.

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“…Fasting has been suggested as a promising approach for health benefits in animal models and humans [2,25]. Intermittent fasting in obese people showed that reducing calorie intake one to six days per week over at least 12 weeks was effective for reducing body weight [26]. Especially, the 5:2 diet has become a popular intermittent fasting regimen and has a potential to be considered for medical interventions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of intermittent fasting on liver physiology and metabolism in mice

Chen

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Intermittent fasting, as an emerging diet concept, has been widely practiced in the global population. A broad spectrum of health benefits has been reported in animal models and in humans for intermittent fasting. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. In this study, we aimed to explore the effects and potential mode-of-action of intermittent fasting in mouse models, with focus on the liver.Methods: C57BL/6 mice were divided into five groups of 8-14 each, including 30-days ad libitum group, 30-days intermittent fasting group, 60-days ad libitum group, 60-days intermittent fasting group and refeeding group (30-days intermittent fasting followed by 30-days ad libitum). The food intake, body weight, liver weight and the blood biochemical parameters were detected. Targeted metabolic profiling of liver was performed.Results: We found that daily 12-hour intermittent fasting for one or two months significantly reduced the cumulative food intake, compared with the mice fed ad libitum. Fasting resulted in significantly reduced liver weight, with minimal effect on body weight. This effect on the liver by one month fasting could not be reversed by following one-month ad libitum feeding. Among the measured blood biochemical parameters, glucose level was decreased, while alkaline phosphatase was increased in the fasting mice. Surprisingly, targeted metabolic profiling revealed the global elevation of metabolites in the livers of fasting mice. These metabolic molecules include ATP, NADP, NADPH and succinate that are essentially involved in the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Conclusion: Daily 12-hour intermittent fasting for one to two months significantly reduced liver weight in mice, which is associated with enhanced liver metabolism.

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Intermittent fasting interventions for treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 241 publications

References 37 publications

Intermittent Fasting for Twelve Weeks Leads to Increases in Fat Mass and Hyperinsulinemia in Young Female Wistar Rats

Intermittent Fasting for Twelve Weeks Leads to Increases in Fat Mass and Hyperinsulinemia in Young Female Wistar Rats

Rationale for novel intermittent dieting strategies to attenuate adaptive responses to energy restriction

The effects of intermittent fasting on liver physiology and metabolism in mice

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