Internal and external antecedents of binge eating episodes in a group of women with bulimia nervosa

Waters, Anne; Hill, Andrew J.; Waller, Glenn

doi:10.1002/1098-108x(200101)29:1<17::aid-eat3>3.0.co;2-r

Cited by 158 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…If only standard chow is available, no binge-like behavior occurs, but if a small sample of palatable food is provided alongside the standard chow diet, then the rats proceed to binge on chow. These data echo findings from human bulimics, who are much more likely to initiate a binge (on any food) if they first consume a craved food [125]. Other groups have observed similar binge-like behavior following a history of cyclic food restriction if the footshock stressor is replaced with a 15-min period of visual and olfactory exposure to palatable food, during which consumption is not permitted [126].…”

Section: Evidence For the “Dark Side” From Animal Models Of Food Asupporting

confidence: 71%

The dark side of food addiction

Parylak

Koob

Zorrilla

2011

Physiology & Behavior

205

140

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In drug addiction, the transition from casual drug use to dependence has been linked to a shift away from positive reinforcement and towards negative reinforcement. That is, drugs ultimately are relied on to prevent or relieve negative states that otherwise result from abstinence (e.g., withdrawal) or from adverse environmental circumstances (e.g., stress). Recent work has suggested that this “dark side” shift also is key in the development of food addiction. Initially, palatable food consumption has both positive reinforcing, pleasurable effects and negative reinforcing, “comforting” effects that can acutely normalize organism responses to stress. Repeated, intermittent intake of palatable food may instead amplify brain stress circuitry and downregulate brain reward pathways such that continued intake becomes obligatory to prevent negative emotional states via negative reinforcement. Stress, anxiety and depressed mood have shown high comorbidity with and the potential to trigger bouts of addiction-like eating behavior in humans. Animal models indicate that repeated, intermittent access to palatable foods can lead to emotional and somatic signs of withdrawal when the food is no longer available, tolerance and dampening of brain reward circuitry, compulsive seeking of palatable food despite potentially aversive consequences, and relapse to palatable food-seeking in response to anxiogenic-like stimuli. The neurocircuitry identified to date in the “dark” side of food addiction qualitatively resembles that associated with drug and alcohol dependence. The present review summarizes Bart Hoebel’s groundbreaking conceptual and empirical contributions to understanding the role of the “dark side” in food addiction along with related work of those that have followed him.

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Section: Evidence For the “Dark Side” From Animal Models Of Food Asupporting

confidence: 71%

The dark side of food addiction

Parylak

Koob

Zorrilla

2011

Physiology & Behavior

205

140

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“…First, cognitive flexibility (i.e., an individual’s ability to shift cognitive set and generate alternative strategies that are adaptive long term) has been associated with BED, but less so when relevant covariates are controlled (3, 7–10). Second, inhibitory control problems (i.e., poor ability to inhibit prepotent responses) may increase responsivity to potential internal and external cues (11); however, only three (10, 12, 13) of six studies (8, 10, 12–14) have detected poorer inhibitory control in BED samples compared to controls. Third, poor decision-making (i.e., taking unnecessary risks, and prioritizing short-term reward over long-term goals) may underpin the tendency to binge eating for short-term comfort, without forethought to the long-term consequences (e.g., weight gain, feelings of guilt).…”

Section: Executive Function and Binge Eatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do executive functioning deficits underpin binge eating disorder? A comparison of overweight women with and without binge eating pathology

Manasse

Forman

Ruocco

et al. 2015

Intl J Eating Disorders

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Objective Deficits in executive function (EF) --including inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, decision-making, and working memory--may be risk or maintenance factors for binge eating disorder (BED). However, there is mixed evidence regarding EF deficits in individuals with BED. Significant methodological weaknesses (e.g., use of a single EF measure, omission of relevant covariates) in the current literature represent one reason for lack of consensus. Methods The current study compared EF in a sample of overweight women with (n=31) and without (n=43) full or sub-threshold BED, with the aim of conducting a multi-faceted investigation of the neurocognitive profile of BED. A neuropsychological battery of EF was administered to all participants. Results After controlling for IQ and age, individuals with binge eating displayed significantly poorer performance on tasks of problem-solving and inhibitory control, and displayed higher prioritization of immediate versus delayed rewards, but the two groups did not appear to differ on set-shifting, working memory, and risk taking. Differences in inhibitory control were no longer statistically significant when depressive symptomology was added as a covariate and correction for multiple comparisons was applied. Exploratory analyses indicated that full and sub-threshold BED groups did not differ in EF. Discussion Results partially support the hypothesis of relative EF deficits in individuals with BED, suggesting that binge eating may be maintained by cognitive factors distinct from those of obesity. Future research should aim to replicate with a larger sample, control for a wider range of psychiatric comorbidities, and examine whether EF deficits predict treatment outcome.

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“…Children who consume more energy in the EAH protocol are at an increased risk for overweight, obesity, and weight gain over time (1–3). EAH assesses a developmental precursor to external dietary disinhibition; in the EAH protocol the presence of palatable foods can act as a disinhibitor, triggering overconsumption that is behaviorally similar to the effects that the presence of palatable foods can have on binge eating in both animals (4) and humans (5, 6). Analogous to EAH, binge eating has been also shown to predict both weight gain and obesity in children and adolescents (7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eating in the absence of hunger during childhood predicts self-reported binge eating in adolescence

2017

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Objective-The objectives of the current study were to examine whether eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) at age 7 predicted reports of self-reported binge eating at age 15 and to identify factors among girls with high-EAH that moderated risk of later binge eating.Method-Subjects included 158 girls assessed at age 7 and age 15. Logistic regression was used to predict binge eating at age 15 from calories consumed during EAH at age 7. A series of logistic regressions were used to examine the odds of reporting binge eating given levels of risk factors (e.g., anxiety) among those with high-EAH in childhood.Results-Girls' EAH intake predicted reports of binge eating at age 15; after adjusting for age 7 BMI, for each additional 100 kcal consumed, girls were 1.7 times more likely to report binge eating in adolescence. Among those with high-EAH, BMI, anxiety, depression, dietary restraint, emotional disinhibition, and body dissatisfaction all predicted binge eating.Discussion-EAH during childhood predicted reports of binge eating during adolescence; girls with elevated BMI, negative affect, and maladaptive eating-and weight-related cognitions were at increased risk. High-EAH in childhood may be useful for indicating those at risk for developing binge eating. Keywordseating in the absence of hunger; binge eating; adolescents

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Internal and external antecedents of binge eating episodes in a group of women with bulimia nervosa

Cited by 158 publications

References 10 publications

The dark side of food addiction

The dark side of food addiction

Do executive functioning deficits underpin binge eating disorder? A comparison of overweight women with and without binge eating pathology

Eating in the absence of hunger during childhood predicts self-reported binge eating in adolescence

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