Internal exposure to 210Po and 40K from ingestion of cooked daily foodstuffs for adults in Japanese cities

Sugiyama, Hideo; Terada, Hiroshi; Isomura, Kimio; Iijima, Ikuyo; Kobayashi, Jun; Kawakami, Kiyoshi

doi:10.2131/jts.34.417

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Stewart and Kneale [39] showed that deaths in 1950–1982 from all non-malignant diseases in LSS population were significantly lower in survivors exposed to low doses than in unexposed persons. This U-shaped dose response relationship was refuted in comments by an LSS report [40], in which the mortality of A-bomb survivors was found to fit to the linear-threshold model (the estimated threshold is 1.4 Gy (DS86)) on the basis of LNT.…”

Section: Low-dose Radiation Elongates A-bomb Survivors’ Lifespanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-dose radiation from A-bombs elongated lifespan and reduced cancer mortality relative to un-irradiated individuals

Sutou

2018

Genes and Environ

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The US National Academy of Sciences (NAS) presented the linear no-threshold hypothesis (LNT) in 1956, which indicates that the lowest doses of ionizing radiation are hazardous in proportion to the dose. This spurious hypothesis was not based on solid data. NAS put forward the BEIR VII report in 2006 as evidence supporting LNT. The study described in the report used data of the Life Span Study (LSS) of A-bomb survivors. Estimation of exposure doses was based on initial radiation (5%) and neglected residual radiation (10%), leading to underestimation of the doses. Residual radiation mainly consisted of fallout that poured down onto the ground along with black rain. The black-rain-affected areas were wide. Not only A-bomb survivors but also not-in-the-city control subjects (NIC) must have been exposed to residual radiation to a greater or lesser degree. Use of NIC as negative controls constitutes a major failure in analyses of LSS. Another failure of LSS is its neglect of radiation adaptive responses which include low-dose stimulation of DNA damage repair, removal of aberrant cells via stimulated apoptosis, and elimination of cancer cells via stimulated anticancer immunity. LSS never incorporates consideration of this possibility. When LSS data of longevity are examined, a clear J-shaped dose-response, a hallmark of radiation hormesis, is apparent. Both A-bomb survivors and NIC showed longer than average lifespans. Average solid cancer death ratios of both A-bomb survivors and NIC were lower than the average for Japanese people, which is consistent with the occurrence of radiation adaptive responses (the bases for radiation hormesis), essentially invalidating the LNT model. Nevertheless, LNT has served as the basis of radiation regulation policy. If it were not for LNT, tremendous human, social, and economic losses would not have occurred in the aftermath of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant accident. For many reasons, LNT must be revised or abolished, with changes based not on policy but on science.

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Section: Low-dose Radiation Elongates A-bomb Survivors’ Lifespanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-dose radiation from A-bombs elongated lifespan and reduced cancer mortality relative to un-irradiated individuals

Sutou

2018

Genes and Environ

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“…To compare dose rate with background radiation in Japan, reference values were cited from the literatures (24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30). Regional dose rates of external exposure and radon inhalation were estimated from means among 47 prefectures and 7 regions in Japan (25)(26)(27)(28).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regional dose rates of external exposure and radon inhalation were estimated from means among 47 prefectures and 7 regions in Japan (25)(26)(27)(28). Variation in internal exposure to 210 Po and 210 Pb was calculated by bootstrapping the dose rate estimates among several cities in Japan into 47 prefectures (1,000 iterations) (29,30). In each bootstrap dataset, the 5th and 95th percentile dose rates were calculated and their means were presented as a range of the total dose rate from background radiation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nationwide surveys on terrestrial and cosmic radiation and radon concentration have shown an annual dose ranging from 0.72 to 1.24 mSv among 47 prefectures (25)(26)(27)(28). Internal exposure to 210 Po and 210 Pb has been investigated in several cities in Japan and found to range from 0.15 to 0.81 mSv/y and from 0.03 to 0.16 mSv/y, respectively (29,30). Dose rates for 210 Po and 210 Pb were bootstrapped into 47 prefectures with 1,000 replicates.…”

Section: Total Radiation Dose Rates Estimated By Monte Carlo Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radiation dose rates now and in the future for residents neighboring restricted areas of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

Harada¹,

Niisoe

Imanaka

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

101

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Radiation dose rates were evaluated in three areas neighboring a restricted area within a 20-to 50-km radius of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in August-September 2012 and projected to 2022 and 2062. Study participants wore personal dosimeters measuring external dose equivalents, almost entirely from deposited radionuclides (groundshine). External dose rate equivalents owing to the accident averaged 1.03, 2.75, and 1.66 mSv/y in the village of Kawauchi, the Tamano area of Soma, and the Haramachi area of Minamisoma, respectively. Internal dose rates estimated from dietary intake of radiocesium averaged 0.0058, 0.019, and 0.0088 mSv/y in Kawauchi, Tamano, and Haramachi, respectively. Dose rates from inhalation of resuspended radiocesium were lower than 0.001 mSv/y. In 2012, the average annual doses from radiocesium were close to the average background radiation exposure (2 mSv/y) in Japan. Accounting only for the physical decay of radiocesium, mean annual dose rates in 2022 were estimated as 0.31, 0.87, and 0.53 mSv/y in Kawauchi, Tamano, and Haramachi, respectively. The simple and conservative estimates are comparable with variations in the background dose, and unlikely to exceed the ordinary permissible dose rate (1 mSv/y) for the majority of the Fukushima population. Health risk assessment indicates that post-2012 doses will increase lifetime solid cancer, leukemia, and breast cancer incidences by 1.06%, 0.03% and 0.28% respectively, in Tamano. This assessment was derived from short-term observation with uncertainties and did not evaluate the firstyear dose and radioiodine exposure. Nevertheless, this estimate provides perspective on the long-term radiation exposure levels in the three regions.Fukushima nuclear disaster | exposure assessment | Strontium-90 | forest contamination | food duplicate

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“…UNSCEAR estimated a worldwide annual effective dose originating from ingested radionuclides from different food categories [3] and reported a possibility of a high contribution of 210 Po to the dose for the Japanese people due to larger dietary consumption of seafood than other counties. A statistical data of dietary foods for the Japanese people shows that an intake of fish and shellfish is greater than that of meat, indicating the importance of 210 Po data about marine organisms to an accurate dose assessment [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations of ²¹⁰Po in fish and shellfish from southern region of Japan and evaluation of ²¹⁰Po intake from seafood for Japanese people

Momoshima¹,

Nakao

Sugihara

2011

Ract

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Polonium 210 / Fish and shellfish / PhytoplanktonSummary. Concentrations of 210 Po in fish and shellfish, mostly collected from southern region of Japan were analyzed. Values ranged from 0.2 to 229 Bq/kg fresh weight and higher concentrations were observed in samples analyzed with viscera. Intake of 210 Po through fish and shellfish was evaluated at different Japanese cities based on statistical consumption data. Phytoplankton, Heterosigma akashiwo was collected during a harmful algal bloom and 210 Po was analyzed. The phytoplankton occupied only 4.4% of 210 Po in seawater and a large fraction of 210 Po was observed in the particulate form.

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Internal exposure to 210Po and 40K from ingestion of cooked daily foodstuffs for adults in Japanese cities

Cited by 16 publications

References 19 publications

Low-dose radiation from A-bombs elongated lifespan and reduced cancer mortality relative to un-irradiated individuals

Low-dose radiation from A-bombs elongated lifespan and reduced cancer mortality relative to un-irradiated individuals

Radiation dose rates now and in the future for residents neighboring restricted areas of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

Concentrations of ²¹⁰Po in fish and shellfish from southern region of Japan and evaluation of ²¹⁰Po intake from seafood for Japanese people

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Internal exposure to 210Po and 40K from ingestion of cooked daily foodstuffs for adults in Japanese cities

Cited by 16 publications

References 19 publications

Low-dose radiation from A-bombs elongated lifespan and reduced cancer mortality relative to un-irradiated individuals

Low-dose radiation from A-bombs elongated lifespan and reduced cancer mortality relative to un-irradiated individuals

Radiation dose rates now and in the future for residents neighboring restricted areas of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

Concentrations of 210Po in fish and shellfish from southern region of Japan and evaluation of 210Po intake from seafood for Japanese people

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Concentrations of ²¹⁰Po in fish and shellfish from southern region of Japan and evaluation of ²¹⁰Po intake from seafood for Japanese people