Internal-external control and persistence: Validation and implications of the Stanford Preschool Internal-External Scale.

Mischel, Walter; Zeiss, Robert A.; Zeiss, Antonette M.

doi:10.1037/h0036020

Cited by 182 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Accordingly, low control is often associated with lower persistence and less effort. For example, when individuals have chronically low feelings of control or find themselves in uncontrollable situations, they are less likely to persist at unsolvable tasks or to withstand painful experiences (e.g., Glass, Singer, and Friedman 1969;Lefcourt 1973;Mischel, Zeiss, and Zeiss 1974;Staub, Tursky, and Schwartz 1971). Further, when effort (in attaining a product) is truly pointless and irrelevant to regaining control (e.g., difficulty of reading a package), individuals with low control have negative reactions to a product requiring effort to attain it (Kim and Labroo 2011).…”

Section: Challenges In Restoring Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Doing It the Hard Way: How Low Control Drives Preferences for High-Effort Products and Services

Cutright¹,

Samper²

2014

J Consum Res

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Section: Challenges In Restoring Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Doing It the Hard Way: How Low Control Drives Preferences for High-Effort Products and Services

Cutright¹,

Samper²

2014

J Consum Res

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“…Additionally, the children were administered the Stanford Preschool IntemaI-ExtemaI Scale (SPIES) to assess locus of control (Mischel, Zeiss, & Zeiss, 1974). The test consists of 14 scenarios with two alternative responses .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The standard method, from Mischel, Zeiss, and Zeiss (1974), was used to code the SPIES scores. On this test a high score indicates a more internal locus of control.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between mothers’ eating restraint and their children’s attitudes and behaviors

Rüther

Richman

1993

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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Dieting practices and beliefs offourth-grade children and their mothers were studied. The children's self-esteem, locus of control, and eating restraint were also assessed. Fifty children and their mothers were administered an eating restraint scale. The children were also administered self-esteem and locus of control scales. Although the children's eating restraint, self-esteem, and locus of control were not related, the mothers' eating restraint was found to be positively related to their daughters' eating restraint and internality scores. No relationship was found between the mothers' eating restraint and their sons' eating restraint and internality scores. The results are discussed in terms of same-sex identification processes.

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“…Other IAR items involve unfavorable outcomes-e.g., 'When you have trouble under standing something in school, it is usually... (a) because the teacher didn't explain it clearly, or (b) because you didn't listen carefully?' Other scales using the choice-of-attribution format include the Stanford Preschool Inter nal-External Scale (SPIES) [Mischel et al, 1974]; the Perceived Influence Questionnaire (PIQ) [Weisz, 1976]; the Tel Aviv Locus of Control Scale [Milgram and Milgram, 1975]; the Locus of Control Picture Test for Chil dren (ETS Scale) [Educational Testing Service, 1968], and the Gruen, Korte, Stephens Internal-External Scale [Gruen et al, 1974],…”

Section: The Choice-of-attribution Scalesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Competence, Contingency, and the Development of Perceived Control

Weisz

Stipek²

1982

Human Development

193

134

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In an effort to learn how perceived internal control changes with age, 33 developmental studies using 12 different locus of control (LOC) scales are surveyed. A few studies show developmental declines in perceived control, about half show consistent developmental increases, and about half show mixed results or no significant developmental differences. A critical examination of the LOC scales reveals that some developmental findings may be artifacts of scale characteristics, and that others may reflect developmental effects on constructs other than perceived control. Most importantly, the scales and the LOC literature fail to distinguish clearly betwen two dimensions of perceived control that may show quite different patterns of developmental change. These dimensions are perceived contingency of outcomes and perceived competence of self; combined, they form a simple but potentially powerful conceptual framework for theory and research on the development of perceived control. The explanatory power of this framework is briefly illustrated, relevant evidence is surveyed, and embryonic proposals are advanced for the study of perceived contingency and competence independently and in interaction.

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Internal-external control and persistence: Validation and implications of the Stanford Preschool Internal-External Scale.

Cited by 182 publications

References 22 publications

Doing It the Hard Way: How Low Control Drives Preferences for High-Effort Products and Services

Doing It the Hard Way: How Low Control Drives Preferences for High-Effort Products and Services

The relationship between mothers’ eating restraint and their children’s attitudes and behaviors

Competence, Contingency, and the Development of Perceived Control

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