Internal Factors of Plant Flowering

Chaĭlakhyan, M. Kh.

doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.19.060168.000245

Cited by 102 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…This study extends the observation that one of the earliest indications of the transition of higher plants from vegetative to reproductive growth is an increased DNA content or synthesis in buds (3,4,6,17,26,33,35) to excised tobacco stem segments by showing that their capacity to flower in vitro is correlated with their DNA content at the time of excision. Experiments are in progress to test whether DNA extracted from F is specific for flowering.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Flower Formation in Excised Tobacco Stem Segments

Wardell¹,

Skoog²

1973

Plant Physiol.

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A method has been developed that extracts DNA from stem tissue of flowering tobacco plants, Nicotiana By in vitro cultivation of excised stem segments, flowering tobacco plants have been shown to have a pronounced apex to base gradient in the capacity to form floral buds (1, 2), which truly reflects a difference in the capacity to flower and not merely a decrease in the over-all capacity to form buds (32). Appropriate exogenous supplies of IAA effected a transition from floral to vegetative bud formation in such segments (31).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Flower Formation in Excised Tobacco Stem Segments

Wardell¹,

Skoog²

1973

Plant Physiol.

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“…The physiology of flowering in photoperiodically controlled herbaceous plants has been the subject of intensive research (3,4, 30) (27).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The physiology of flowering in photoperiodically controlled herbaceous plants has been the subject of intensive research (3,4,30) but there have been few studies on flower induction and differentiation in daylength-insensitive, woody perennials such as fruit trees and grapevines (2,8). Research on flowering in most woody species is made difficult by the long juvenile or nonflowering periods of seed-grown plants, by the large size of adult trees, and by the annual occurrence of flowers.…”

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confidence: 99%

Control of Flowering in the Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

Srinivasan

Mullins²

1978

Plant Physiol.

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Tendrils produced from shoot tips of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultured in vitro on Nitsch's medium developed into inflorescences when 5 to 10 jM benzyladenine (BA) or 6-(benzylamino)-9-(2-tetrabydropyranyl)-9H-purine (PBA) were applied directly to the tendril tips.Inflorescences did not form on tendrils if the cytokinins were supplied in the agar. Tendrils cultured in agitated liquid medium containing BA, PBA, or zeatin riboside showed profuse branching and tendrils were transformed into inflorescences. Calyx and corolla (calyptra) stamens and pistils developed normally in the presence of both zeatin riboside and PBA, but micro-and macrosporogenesis were absent.Inflorescences were formed by tendrils from five cultivars (Muscat of Alexandria, Shiraz, Carbernet Sauvignon, Wortley Hail, and Sultana syn. Thomson Seedless) and also on tendrils from 12-to 15-week-oldseedlings.The physiology of flowering in photoperiodically controlled herbaceous plants has been the subject of intensive research (3,4, 30) (27).Flowering in grapes is a three-step process: (a) formation of anlagen; (b) differentiation of inflorescence primordia; and (c) formation of flowers. Anlagen are undifferentiated or uncommitted primordia which arise from terminal or axillary bud apices. Anlagen are formed in the current season and give rise either to inflorescence primordia or to tendril primordia. Usually, flowers are formed from inflorescence primordia at the time of bud burst in the following season (12,21,27).Inflorescences and tendrils are both derived from anlagen and are homologous organs (1). Anlagen which undergo repeated branching give rise to inflorescences while those which produce only two or three branches give rise to tendrils (27). Accordingly, grapevine tendrils can be interpreted as weakly differentiated inflorescences. It follows that the control of inflorescence formation in grapes hinges upon the control of branching of anlagen or of tendrils.The present paper is concerned with the nature of the stimuli which affect branching and this has been studied by growing I T. L. Pawlett Postgraduate Scholar.isolated apices and tendrils in aseptic culture with various growth substances. Most experiments were carried out with explants from cuttings of grape cultivars but explants were also taken from open pollinated grape seedlings. In seedlings the first tendrils are formed at nodes 9 to 15, a few weeks after germination, but the first inflorescences may take 3 to 5 years to make their appearance in the field. In this paper we report on the formation of inflorescences and flowers in vitro from tendrils of grape cultivars and from the tendrils of 12-to 15-week-old seedlings.MATERIALS AND METHODS Rooted cuttings of the grapevine (cvs. Muscat of Alexandria, Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Wortley Hall, and Sultana syn. Thompson Seedless), were propagated from cool stored (4 C) canes as described previously (27). Grape seeds were extracted from winery marc and stratified (4 C) with perlite for at least 7 weeks before sowing.Late...

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“…Of particular interest is FT, as FT is the main component that links the environmental sensory machinery that is present within the leaf vasculature, to the shoot apex where reproductive structures eventually form (Turck et al, 2008). Since the 1930s, it has been known that a mobile signal present within the leaves of many plant species is able to induce flowering (Chailakhyan, 1937;Chailakhyan, 1968;Chailakhian, 1970;Evans, 1971). Experimental evidence determined that FT protein is the long sought "florigenic" signal that moves through the phloem stream and initiates flowering at the shoot apex.…”

Section: Overview Of the Flowering Time Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoperiodic Regulation of Florigen Function inArabidopsis thaliana

Golembeski

Imaizumi

2015

The Arabidopsis Book

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One mechanism through which flowering in response to seasonal change is brought about is by sensing the fluctuation in day-length; the photoperiod. Flowering induction occurs through the production of the florigenic protein FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and its movement from the phloem companion cells in the leaf vasculature into the shoot apex, where meristematic reprogramming occurs. FT activation in response to photoperiod condition is accomplished largely through the activity of the transcription factor CONSTANS (CO). Regulation of CO expression and protein stability, as well as the timing of other components via the circadian clock, is a critical mechanism by which plants are able to respond to photoperiod to initiate the floral transition. Modulation of FT expression in response to external and internal stimuli via components of the flowering network is crucial to mediate a fluid flowering response to a variety of environmental parameters. In addition, the regulated movement of FT protein from the phloem to the shoot apex, and interactions that determine floral meristem cell fate, constitute novel mechanisms through which photoperiodic information is translated into flowering time.

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Internal Factors of Plant Flowering

Cited by 102 publications

References 71 publications

Flower Formation in Excised Tobacco Stem Segments

Flower Formation in Excised Tobacco Stem Segments

Control of Flowering in the Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

Photoperiodic Regulation of Florigen Function inArabidopsis thaliana

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