Internal features, mineralogy and geochemistry of ferromanganese nodules from the Gulf of Cadiz: The role of the Mediterranean Outflow Water undercurrent

Composition and genesis of ferromanganese deposits from the northern South China Sea

“…2a) (Han et al, 2013;Li et al, 2013b;Wang et al, 2014;Zhang et al, 2015). These geological and environmental conditions of Fe-Mn nodule fields on the NESCS are very similar to the occurrences in the Gulf of Cadiz (González et al, 2010.…”

“…In general, the REE contents of the NESCS Fe-Mn nodules are similar to modern seep carbonates in the Dongsha and Congo fans and hydrocarbon-derived Fe-Mn nodules and carbonate chimneys from the Gulf of Cadiz (Fig. 10d) (Feng et al, 2009;Ge et al, 2010;González et al, 2010;Magalhães et al, 2012). The REE in the most deep-ocean Fe-Mn deposits are hosted by the Fe and Mn phases and the total REE contents decrease with increasing diagenetic contributions .…”

Ferromanganese nodules and micro-hardgrounds associated with the Cadiz Contourite Channel (NE Atlantic): Palaeoenvironmental records of fluid venting and bottom currents

“…Introduction González et al, 2010;Hernández-Molina et al, 2010). Marine ferromanganese deposits are potential mining resources for commercial exploitation ofbase and strategic metals such as Mn, Co, Cu, Ni and REEs (e.g.…”

Mechanisms of trace metal enrichment in submarine, methane-derived carbonate chimneys from the Gulf of Cadiz

“…Methane-enriched fluid venting is a widespread process in the continental slope of the Gulf of Cadiz. Evidence of this phenomenon is the abundance of methanerelated seafloor structures in this area, including pockmarks (Baraza and Ercilla, 1996;Casas et al, 2003); mud volcanoes, some of which contain gas hydrates (Niemann et al, 2006;Pinheiro et al, 2003;Van Rensbergen et al, 2005); Fe-Mn nodules (González et al, 2009(González et al, , 2010; and carbonate-mud mounds featuring carbonate chimneys, crusts and slabs (León et al, 2006). In addition, biomarkers of methanotrophic archaea have been identified on carbonate crusts and pavements collected from mud-volcanoes in the Gulf of Cadiz (Niemann et al, 2006;Stadnitskaia et al, 2008).…”