Internal Injector Deposits in High-Pressure Common Rail Diesel Engines

Schwab, Scott D.; Bennett, J.; Dell, Steven J.; Galante-Fox, Julie M.; Kulinowski, Alexander M.; Miller, Keith T.

doi:10.4271/2010-01-2242

Cited by 55 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The CEC is developing test methods to address the issue. Many technical papers have been recently published describing work on a number of investigations into the character and origins of internal diesel injector deposits (IDID) [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]. What is clear is that there is not a single outcome or cause.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium Contamination of Diesel Fuel, its Interaction with Fuel Additives and the Resultant Effects on Filter Plugging and Injector Fouling

Barker¹,

Cook²,

Richards³

2013

SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.

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Diesel fuel distilled from crude oil should contain no greater than trace amounts of sodium. However, fuel specifications do not include sodium; there is a limit of five parts per million for the amount of sodium plus potassium in fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) used as biodiesel. Sodium compounds are often used as the catalyst for the esterification process for producing FAME and sodium hydroxide is now commonly used in the refining process to produce ultra-low sulphur diesel (ULSD) fuel from crude oil. Good housekeeping should ensure that sodium is not present in the finished fuel. A finished fuel should not only be free of sodium but should also contain a diesel fuel additive package to ensures the fuel meets the quality standards introduced to provide reliable operation, along with the longevity of the fuel supply infrastructure and the diesel engines that ultimately burn this fuel. There has recently been an upsurge in reported field problems due to fouling of the fuel injection system in modern diesel engines. This can take the form of deposits in the fuel filters or within the fuel injectors themselves. Recent work proposed a mechanism whereby sodium contaminated fuel can undergo adverse reactions between the sodium compounds and fuel additives leading to the formation of material that can impede the operation of diesel fuel injectors. This paper presents new work carried out to enhance the understanding of this mechanism and demonstrates that the fate of any sodium contaminant is highly dependent on (i) the fuel additives present in the fuel (ii) the amount of water in the system, (iii) potentially the intensity of fuel/water mixing and (iv) the identity of the sodium salt involved in the reaction. This can lead to sodium accumulating in the water bottoms, forming sodium compounds that go on to plug fuel filters or which may cause injector fouling. The data found may explain the variation in engine test data regarding sodium induced fouling reported in the recent literature.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium Contamination of Diesel Fuel, its Interaction with Fuel Additives and the Resultant Effects on Filter Plugging and Injector Fouling

Barker¹,

Cook²,

Richards³

2013

SAE Int. J. Fuels Lubr.

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“…Contamination of diesel fuel with sodium, potentially originating from salt dryers, has been proposed as a factor in recent incidents of diesel filter plugging and injector fouling (Schwab et al 2010, Barker et al 2013. While this does not represent a direct route to contamination of gasoline with NaCl, there are situations where gasoline or denatured fuel ethanol can come into contact with diesel fuel, for example in transport trucks that have not been properly cleaned.…”

Section: Sodium and Calcium Chloride Use In Dryersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sulfate Salts in Gasoline and Ethanol Fuels -- Historical Perspective and Analysis of Available Data

McCormick¹,

Alleman²,

Yanowitz³

2017

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“…In fact, metal fatty acid soaps are known for their poor solubility in diesel fuel; therefore, when the right conditions occur, these fatty acid salts can separate from the fuel and stick to injector component surfaces when diesel fuel is present. Furthermore, the additives used as corrosion inhibitors to contrast the erosion of the pipelines and as drying agents for standard diesel fuel, such as sodium salts (usually nitrite and sodium chloride) are also responsible for white soap-type sticky deposits [23]. Finally, some detergents, such as polyisobutilene succinimide (PIBS), which are added to diesel oil in order to prevent wear and carbonaceous deposits [24], can produce amides from reactions with di-fatty acids (lubricity improvers).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diesel Injector Coking: Optical-Chemical Analysis of Deposits and Influence on Injected Flow-Rate, Fuel Spray and Engine Performance

D’Ambrosio

Ferrari

2012

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power

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The physical origin of injector coking in diesel engines has been clarified and the most critical design parameters and operating variables pertaining to the occurrence of the phenomenon have been identified. Fouling has been shown to be affected by many factors, such as injector temperature, nozzle configuration, hole diameter and conicity as well as fuel composition. Optical and scanning electron microscope (SFM) analyses have been conducted both inside and outside injectors of different type and four locations have been identified as the main deposition sites. Furthermore, different coking typologies, i.e., dry and wet coking, have been assessed and discussed. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy images of the deposits on the spray hole walls have revealed that minute quantities ofZn catalyze the coking reactions to a great extent. Significant quantities ofZn have also been found in the injector deposits. An extensive experimental test campaign has been carried out at the engine test bench with different nozzle setups in order to evaluate performance deterioration after different ageing procedures. The effects of both the Zn concentration in the fuel and running time have been assessed separately on the fouling rate. Injection rate time histories have been acquired at the hydraulic test rig, under different working conditions, for both new and aged injectors. The experimental changes in the EVI profiles subsequent to fouling have been analyzed and related to the corresponding variations in engine power measured at the engine test bench. A previously developed combustion multi-zone diagnostic model has also been applied to gain a further insight into the cause and effect relationships between the experimental in-cylinder pressure time histories and engine-out emissions.

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Internal Injector Deposits in High-Pressure Common Rail Diesel Engines

Cited by 55 publications

References 3 publications

Sodium Contamination of Diesel Fuel, its Interaction with Fuel Additives and the Resultant Effects on Filter Plugging and Injector Fouling

Sodium Contamination of Diesel Fuel, its Interaction with Fuel Additives and the Resultant Effects on Filter Plugging and Injector Fouling

Sulfate Salts in Gasoline and Ethanol Fuels -- Historical Perspective and Analysis of Available Data

Diesel Injector Coking: Optical-Chemical Analysis of Deposits and Influence on Injected Flow-Rate, Fuel Spray and Engine Performance

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