Internal ion-gated organic electrochemical transistor: A building block for integrated bioelectronics

Abstract

Real-time processing and manipulation of biological signals require bioelectronic devices with integrated components capable of signal amplification, processing, and stimulation. Transistors form the backbone of such circuits, but numerous criteria must be met for efficient and safe operation in biological environments. Here, we introduce an internal ion-gated organic electrochemical transistor (IGT) that uses contained mobile ions within the conducting polymer channel to permit both volumetric capacitance and shortened ionic transit time. The IGT has high transconductance, fast speed, and can be independently gated to create scalable conformable integrated circuits. We demonstrate the ability of the IGT to provide a miniaturized, comfortable interface with human skin using local amplification to record high-quality brain neurophysiological activity. The IGT is an effective transistor architecture for enabling integrated, real-time sensing and stimulation of signals from living organisms.

A highly sensitive molecular structural probe applied to in situ biosensing of metabolites using PEDOT:PSS

“…As such, this inherently sensitive transducer has been used in many biological applications as a platform for transducing and amplifying biological signals (typically ionic) to electronic readouts. A few examples include, sensing of bioanalytes (i.e., metabolites, DNA, and so forth), neural signals recordings as well as in vitro toxicology testing (Curto et al, ; A. M. Pappa et al, ; Pitsalidis et al, ; Spyropoulos, Gelinas, & Khodagholy, ).…”

“…A few examples include, sensing of bioanalytes (i.e., metabolites, DNA, and so forth), neural signals recordings as well as in vitro toxicology testing (Curto et al, 2017;A. M. Pappa et al, 2016Pitsalidis et al, 2018;Spyropoulos, Gelinas, & Khodagholy, 2019).…”

Real‐Time Monitoring of Glucose Export from Isolated Chloroplasts Using an Organic Electrochemical Transistor

“…The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) has been extensively used as a biochemical sensor due to its inherent signal transduction and amplification capability, specificity through biofunctionalization, operation at low voltages, robust device design, and easy fabrication, and most importantly its ability to operate in an aqueous environment at high threshold stability. The latter is a fundamental prerequisite for direct coupling with the biological world . The OECT includes an electrolyte as an integral part of the device configuration that couples the transistor channel with the gate.…”

“…The latter is a fundamental prerequisite for direct coupling with the biological world. [11][12][13][14] The OECT includes an electrolyte as an integral part of the device configuration that couples the transistor channel with the gate. The sensing mechanism relies on the modulation of the channel current (I SD ) in the presence of analyte through a reaction that resides either on the gate of the transistor, within the electrolyte or directly on the channel.…”

Chitosan‐Based, Biocompatible, Solution Processable Films for In Vivo Localization of Neural Interface Devices

“…It is a naturally occurring, abundant polysaccharide that is biocompatible, bio-adhesive, and antimicrobial. [5][6][7][8] Furthermore, living cells can be safely exposed to CS and its enzymatic degradation products without adverse effects. [8,9] It is solution processable and film forming, allowing for incorporation of additives and tuning of properties.…”