Internal migration in India: Are the underprivileged migrating more?

Bhagat, R. B.

doi:10.18356/b748277d-en

Cited by 63 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…As migrants flow into areas of economic growth the 'bright lights syndrome' prevails (Harris and Todaro 1970), and over-urbanisation results in high unemployment and the growth of the informal sector as a source of employment and economic opportunities. There are indications that increasing numbers of women are joining the migrant flow to the cities (Bhagat 2011). For example, African women migrate to cities and towns because they are increasingly impatient with their traditional ascribed position in life and they see the cities and towns as places where their desire for independence and emancipation through less interference by relatives and more equal status with their significant others can be achieved (Caro et al 2012).…”

Section: Female Dws In the Informal Economymentioning

confidence: 99%

A descriptive overview of the education and income levels of domestic workers in post-apartheid South Africa

Gama¹,

Willemse²

2014

GeoJournal

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A lack of protective employment legislation coupled with the racial and class prejudices of apartheid, resulted in the general exploitation of South African domestic workers (mostly female black Africans and Coloureds). This was perpetrated through education policies detrimental to non-whites and the exclusion of non-whites from skilled labour-consequently many were channelled into unskilled jobs such as domestic work, and forced to endure poor salaries and living conditions. Despite the implementation of new democratic legislation to cover the basic conditions of employment for domestic workers, their education and income levels remain relatively unequal. This article provides a descriptive overview of the education and income levels of domestic workers in South Africa. Statistics from Statistics South Africa show that domestic workers have relatively lower education and income levels compared to other occupations or economic sectors. Significant differences are also observed in the education and income levels of domestic workers in different parts of South Africa. Richer municipalities have more educated and high-earning domestic workers, while the reverse applies to poorer municipalities located mostly in rural and former homeland areas.There is also an increase in the feminisation of the labour market, as more women undertake perceived masculine jobs such as plant and machine operators, while men avoid perceived feminine occupations such as domestic work. This article concludes by making recommendations for future research into this topic.

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Section: Female Dws In the Informal Economymentioning

confidence: 99%

A descriptive overview of the education and income levels of domestic workers in post-apartheid South Africa

Gama¹,

Willemse²

2014

GeoJournal

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“…While, we cannot control for this possibility in our regression analysis since the NSS data does not allow us to identify migration, we cite findings from other data sources to investigate this issue. Bhagat (2009Bhagat ( ) using 2001 Indian Census data documents that 62 percent of the internal migration in India is in the form of intra-district migration. Inter-district and inter-state migration account for 24 percent and 13 percent respectively of total internal migration.…”

Section: Some Further Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hate Crimes in India: An Economic Analysis of Violence and Atrocities Against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

Sharma

2012

SSRN Journal

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Crimes against the historically marginalized Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SC/ST) by the upper castes in India represent an extreme form of prejudice and discrimination. In this paper, we investigate the effect of changes in relative material standards of living between the SC/STs and upper castes -as measured by the ratio of consumption expenditures of SC/STs to that of upper casteson changes in the incidence of crimes against SC/STs. Based on the hierarchical social structure implied by the caste system, we posit that an improvement in the economic position of lower castes relative to the upper castes is positively correlated with the incidence of crimes committed by the upper castes against the lower castes.Using official district level crime data for the period 2001-10, we find a positive association between crimes and expenditure of SC/ST vis-à-vis the upper castes such that a widening of the economic gap between groups is associated with a decrease in caste-based crimes. Moreover, this effect is driven by changes in the upper castes' economic well-being rather than changes in the economic position of the lower castes and tribes.JEL classification: J15, K42

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“…Kundu and Sarangi (2007) examined migration, employment, and poverty status in urban centers and found that lower level of poverty among migrants was lower than that among non-migrants. The correlation coefficient of out-migration rate was positive and significant with income (state level), but weak with poverty level (Bhagat 2010). Using data from the 55th round of NSSO (1999NSSO ( -2000, studies show that migrants have a higher economic status compared to non-migrants in India (Arjan and Dubey 2006;Joe et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Employment-Related Migration Reduce Poverty in India?

Mohanty

Mohapatra

Kastor

et al. 2015

Int. Migration & Integration

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Using the unit data from the 64th round of the National Sample Surveys, 2007-08 on employment, unemployment, and migration, covering 125,578 households, this paper estimates the level, depth, and severity of poverty among nonmigrants and intra-state migrants, inter-state migrants, and emigrants in India. Based on the out-migration of any members of the household for employment at place of origin and using place of last residence definition, households are classified into intrastate migrants, inter-state migrant, emigrants, and non-migrant households. Economic well-being of migrant's households at the place of origin is measured by consumption expenditure (income). A set of poverty indices, the poverty headcount ratio, poverty gap ratio, and square poverty gap, are estimated from the household consumption expenditure to measure the level, depth, and severity of poverty among migration categories.indices. Descriptive analyses and logistic regression analyses are used in the analyses. Results suggest that the level, depth, and severity of poverty among migrant households is lower than that among non-migrant households; however, it varies across migrant categories. The poverty head count ratio was 41 % among inter-state migrants, 31 % among intra-state migrants, 20 % among emigrants, and 39 % among non-migrants in India. The poverty gap ratio and squared poverty gap were highest among inter-state migrants. Two broad patterns emerge from the state level analyses. Barring Kerala and Punjab that have a higher percentage of emigrants, inter-state migration accounts for a larger share of employment-related migration from the less developed states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha while intra-state migration accounts for a larger share in the developed states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. Second, the level, depth, and severity of inter-state migrants from less developed states is higher than that of intra-state migrants and non-migrants; however, the pattern is reversed in the more developed states of India. Adjusting for socioeconomic correlates, the odds of poor among intra-state migrants are lower than those among inter-state migrant's households. The study supports the proposition that migration and remittances in India are not panacea to structural development constraints and that poor long-distance migrants need to be integrated in poverty alleviation programs.

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Internal migration in India: Are the underprivileged migrating more?

Cited by 63 publications

References 6 publications

A descriptive overview of the education and income levels of domestic workers in post-apartheid South Africa

A descriptive overview of the education and income levels of domestic workers in post-apartheid South Africa

Hate Crimes in India: An Economic Analysis of Violence and Atrocities Against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

Does Employment-Related Migration Reduce Poverty in India?

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