Internal pressures in a low-rise full-scale building

Internal pressure in a building with multiple dominant openings in a single wall: Comparison with the single opening situation

“…Experimental validation of the above equations has been reported by several authors including Holmes (1979), Liu and Saathoff (1982) and Ginger et al (1997). …”

Database-Assisted Analysis and Design of Wind Loads on Rigid Buildings

“…forces. This agrees well with the observations made by Ginger et al (1997) and Holmes (1978) using full-scale and wind tunnel experiments, respectively, that mean and fluctuating internal pressures increase with increasing windward to leeward open area ratio. Figure 5.6 also shows in all the test cases, except test case 8, the ASCE 7-10 provisions produced conservative results.…”

“…(5.9) to describe the time dependent internal pressure in a building, C pi , in response to the external pressure, C pe , near the building's openings where Ċ pi and C̈p i represent the first and second derivatives of C pi ; ρ and p 0 denote air density and ambient atmospheric pressure respectively; A and V are area of the opening and volume of the building respectively; l e is the effective length of the slug of air moving in and out of the opening; n is the ratio of specific heats of air; U ̅ H is mean wind speed at building eave height; and k is opening discharge coefficient (Holmes and Ginger 2012). Ginger et al (1997) and have shown that such theoretical models can, with satisfactory accuracy, determine timeseries of internal pressure fluctuations from measurements of external pressures near openings.…”

Discussion of: “Net pressures on the roof of a low-rise building with wall openings” by R.N. Sharma and P.J. Richards, [J. Wind Eng. & Ind. Aerodyn. Vol. 93, pp. 267–291, 2005]

“…The effect of wall flexibility is to provide a further effective increase in internal volume. For example, in order to compare model internal pressure fluctuations with the full-scale Texas Tech Building, the internal volume must be increased by a further 150% (Ginger et al, 1997).…”