International Control of Cannabis

Mead, A.

doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199662685.003.0003

Cited by 17 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Cannabis continues to be one of the most commonly used psychoactive drugs worldwide, with recent estimates from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) suggesting over 188 million past-year users in 2017 ( 1 ). Cannabis has remained an illicit drug under international drug control treaties (in particular, the 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs), yet critics have opposed the criminalization of cannabis for a multitude of reasons since at least the 1960s ( 2 , 3 ). For example, cannabis use is prevalent among young adults, yet is associated with less harm than licit drugs such as alcohol and tobacco ( 4 , 5 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis Legalization and Acute Harm From High Potency Cannabis Products: A Narrative Review and Recommendations for Public Health

Matheson

Foll

2020

Front. Psychiatry

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Legalization and commercial sale of non-medical cannabis has led to increasing diversity and potency of cannabis products. Some of the American states that were the first to legalize have seen rises in acute harms associated with cannabis use, e.g. Colorado has seen increases in emergency department visits for cannabis-related acute psychological distress and severe vomiting (hyperemesis), as well as a number of high-profile deaths related to ingestion of high doses of cannabis edibles. Over-ingestion of cannabis is related to multiple factors, including the sale of cannabis products with high levels of THC and consumers’ confusion regarding labelling of cannabis products, which disproportionately impact new or inexperienced users. Based on our review of the literature, we propose three approaches to minimizing acute harms: early restriction of cannabis edibles and high-potency products; clear and consistent labelling that communicates dose/serving size and health risks; and implementation of robust data collection frameworks to monitor harms, broken down by cannabis product type (e.g. dose, potency, route of administration) and consumer characteristics (e.g. age, sex, gender, ethnicity). Ongoing data collection and monitoring of harms in jurisdictions that have existing legal cannabis laws will be vital to understanding the impact of cannabis legalization and maximizing public health benefits.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis Legalization and Acute Harm From High Potency Cannabis Products: A Narrative Review and Recommendations for Public Health

Matheson

Foll

2020

Front. Psychiatry

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“…However, persistent negative attitudes about cannabis in certain countries, including the United States, culminated in the promulgation of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961) (Mead, 2014). Under the Single Convention, cannabis and cannabis resin were placed in the most restrictive category 1 , and signatory parties were effectively required (subject to some flexibility for a party’s “good faith” determinations) to prohibit their manufacture, distribution, sale, etc.…”

Section: A Brief Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Legal and Regulatory Issues Governing Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products in the United States

Mead

2019

Front. Plant Sci.

120

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This chapter provides an in-depth discussion of the legal and regulatory frameworks surrounding cannabis in the United States, including federal law—as dictated by the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) and governed by various federal agencies like the FDA and DEA—as well as state law—as regulated by each state’s laws and regulations authorizing medical and/or adult use cannabis. First, the chapter discusses the definition and classification of cannabis under the CSA, including scheduling under the CSA as well as the process for and potentiality of removing cannabis from Schedule I. Then, it describes the activities relating to industrial hemp that are permitted under the 2014 and 2018 Farm Bill. Next, the chapter addresses state-level cannabis laws. The chapter also analyzes the question of whether state cannabis laws are invalidated and superseded by federal law. Moreover, this section examines the factors underlying the extent of the Department of Justice’s enforcement actions relating to state-authorized cannabis activities. The chapter then turns to CBD (cannabidiol) in particular, discussing CBD’s legal status under the CSA; the FDA’s role in regulating and approving CBD products for medical purposes; and the steps required to take an investigational CBD product through that approval process. The chapter concludes by contending that, while cannabis has had a long and twisting history, and although cannabis-derived products face daunting obstacles to achieving FDA approval as well as rescheduling under both federal and state law, the recent success of one product (Epidiolex ® ) should inspire other manufacturers to develop additional cannabis-derived products through the FDA process.

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“…Dette kan skyldes at FN-avtaler åpner for bruken av psykoaktive stoffer når det er medisinsk nødvendig. Ulike land har tolket dette med medisinsk nødvendighet forskjellig, men i hvert fall i USA og Canada har ikke dette betydd at leger må stå for forskrivningen (9).…”

Section: En Medisinsk Retorikkunclassified

Cannabis som medisin

Bramness¹

2015

Tidsskriftet

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Cannabis kan gi nedsatt helse og økt risiko for sykdom. Men det er også godt dokumentert at stoffet har effekt ved en rekke sykdommer. Det er imidlertid tvilsomt om medisinsk bruk av cannabis er et argument for eller imot legalisering.Vår forståelse av risikoen ved cannabisbruk er blitt mer nyansert de senere tiårene. Det er ikke lenger slik at man med nødvendig-het blir psykotisk eller får varig nedsatte kognitive evner av å røyke hasj. Selv om den relative risikoen ved cannabisbruk er signifikant forhøyet, skjønner vi nå at den absolutte faren er mer begrenset.Cannabis har vaert kjent som medisinplante i flere tusen år og blir i mange land brukt som det også i dag. Spesielt er virkningen av ulike cannabisprodukter undersøkt hos alvorlig syke og døende, hos kronisk syke der annen behandling svikter og ved tilstander der man helt mangler behandling. Noen eksempler på slik forskning føl-ger her.Cannabis kan brukes mot kvalme hos cellegiftbehandlede. Moderne kjemoterapi er ofte aggressiv, og kvalme og oppkast kan vaere vanskelig å kontrollere. Selv om det er utviklet flere effektive legemidler mot cellegiftindusert kvalme, vil ikke alle bli tilfredsstillende hjulpet av disse. Det er gjort relativt mange og gode studier på hvilken plass cannabis skal ha i denne behandlingen. Tidligere er stoffet i de fleste studiene blitt sammenliknet med eldre kvalmestillende midler og er blitt bedømt som bedre enn disse. Mange pasienter foretrekker cannabisproduktene, kanskje også på grunn av den stemningshevende effekten (1). Også nyere oversikter bekrefter at cannabinoider er overlegne i behandlingen av cellegiftindusert kvalme (2, 3).Man har undersøkt effekten av cannabisprodukter ved alvorlige smerter som følge av kreftsykdom, kirurgi og sykdommer i sentralnervesystemet. Også her finnes det relativt mange studier med god design som viser at stoffet er effektivt (4, 5). Noen stiller imidlertid spørsmål ved om cannabis og cannabinoider er mer effektive enn tradisjonelle smertestillende medisiner, andre tviler på om de vil få en utbredt bruk på grunn av misbruksfaren (6).Pasienter med multippel sklerose er ofte plaget av invalidiserende indre uro, skjelvinger, smerter og muskelkramper. Uroen lindres ikke av cannabis eller cannabisprodukter (7). Når det gjelder smerter, er dette gjennomgått i en oversikt fra 2007 med seks publiserte studier (4). Cannabinoider viste seg å vaere bedre enn placebo når det gjaldt smertelindring. Cannabis kan også ha effekt på muskelkramper. Den viktigste bivirkningen var svimmelhet. Et ekstrakt fra cannabisplanten er godkjent for bruk ved spastisitet ved multippel sklerose i Norge.Anoreksi, avmagring, kvalme og smerter kan vaere del av det som kalles aidsrelatert svakhet, en tilstand som var vanligere før man hadde moderne hivbehandling. Cannabis ble introdusert som legemiddel fordi man kjente til sukkerhungeren relatert til midlet. Det er vist at cannabis kan ha en effekt her (8).Det hevdes at cannabis har effekt ved sykdommer som bipolar lidelse, Tourettes syndrom, autisme, migrene og AD/HD. Dokume...

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International Control of Cannabis

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

Cannabis Legalization and Acute Harm From High Potency Cannabis Products: A Narrative Review and Recommendations for Public Health

Cannabis Legalization and Acute Harm From High Potency Cannabis Products: A Narrative Review and Recommendations for Public Health

Legal and Regulatory Issues Governing Cannabis and Cannabis-Derived Products in the United States

Cannabis som medisin

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