During the course of the nineteenth century the topography of female education in Ireland was transformed from a panoply of mainly urban free-market academies and philanthropic initiatives into a broad-based, gender neutral, state-funded national system for primary education that spread unevenly across the island. The result was transformative for girls. At a stroke primary education was widely available and democratised. Secondary schooling for girls also expanded during the period, with female colleges and academies expanding and diversifying across the century. By the end of the century most children received some form, however limited, of basic schooling.1 The radical effect of this expansion of education and literacy has been widely debated, and among historians of women this widened access to education has been discussed with both approval and suspicion in equal measure. Progressive narratives depict the second half of the nineteenth century as a period of significant change for women, when state support for female schools and colleges saw a corresponding rise in females' access to university, pursuit of the professions, political engagement and a nascent suffrage movement. At the same time, female education during the nineteenth century was admittedly and purposefully differentiated from the purpose and prestige of male education, focused at least rhetorically if not actually, on the idealisation of the domestic feminine world of wife and mother.2 Since the inauguration of feminist history, there has been a persistent tension between the progressive narrative of widening access and enfranchisement against a cultural critique of the narrowed content, quality and purpose of female education.In part, this historiographical tendency is an understandable consequence of the social concerns of feminist academics in the 1970s and 1980s. Concurrent with Irish feminist political agitation, biographies and celebratory school histories crafted during this period critiqued past and current inequalities within society.3 Historian Margaret O hÓgartaigh termed the expansion of female secondary education at the beginning of the twentieth century 'a quiet revolution' but also observed that the females who benefited from better access to higher education were those who already had considerable financial resources at their disposal. Upon entering university and staking