“…In order to foster students' ability to provide a substantiated historical representation, intervention studies have successfully relied on design principles which aim to make disciplinary ways of reasoning visible to students, and to provide them with support while applying them. In particular, studies have adopted design principles such as explicit teaching on discipline-specific heuristics, modelling, guided practice supported by scaffolding, feedback and (whole-class and peer-to-peer) interaction (Nokes and De La Paz, 2018;Van Boxtel et al, 2021), in line with the general educational model of cognitive apprenticeship (Collins et al, 1991). De La Paz andFelton (2010), for instance, found that students who had received instruction on analysing sources, and on writing an argumentative essay, created essays that were longer, were of higher quality, contained more advanced claims and rebuttals, and cited more sources.…”