International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium report, data summary for 2002-2007, issued January 2008

Abstract

We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from 2002 through 2007 in 98 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study, using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (NNIS) definitions for device-associated health care-associated infection, we collected prospective data from 43,114 patients hospitalized in the Consortium's hospital ICUs for an aggregate of 272,279 days. Although device utilization in the INICC ICUs was remarkably similar to that reported from US ICUs in the CDC's National Healthcare Safety Network, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were markedly higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABs) in the INICC ICUs, 9.2 per 1000 CL-days, is nearly 3-fold higher than the 2.4-5.3 per 1000 CL-days reported from comparable US ICUs, and the overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also far higher, 19.5 vs 1.1-3.6 per 1000 ventilator-days, as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection, 6.5 versus 3.4-5.2 per 1000 catheter-days. Most strikingly, the frequencies of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates to methicillin (MRSA) (80.8% vs 48.1%), Enterobacter species to ceftriaxone (50.8% vs 17.8%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to fluoroquinolones (52.4% vs 29.1%) were also far higher in the Consortium's ICUs, and the crude unadjusted excess mortalities of device-related infections ranged from 14.3% (CLABs) to 27.5% (ventilator-associated pneumonia).

In vitro Activities of Nisin Alone or in Combination with Vancomycin and Ciprofloxacin against Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Strains

“…Especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is established as a major cause of hospital- and community-associated infections [1,2,3]. Infections with MRSA have led to a significant increase in the use of vancomycin, with the consequential development of intermediate and resistant pathogens, such as vancomycin-resistant enterococci and vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus.…”

Antimicrobial Peptide P60.4Ac-Containing Creams and Gel for Eradication of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Cultured Skin and Airway Epithelial Surfaces

“…Colonization of healthy individuals with this opportunistic bacterium causes no serious health problems; however, the risk of developing an S. aureus infection is increased in hospitalized patients or those undergoing surgery (4)(5)(6). Common infection problems include surgical site infections (7), wound and burn wound infections (5), bloodstream infections (8), catheter-related bacteremia (9,10), and catheter (intubation)-related infections, such as pneumonia (11). Moreover, the symptoms of atopic eczema patients are often aggravated by the actions of S. aureus and S. epidermidis on their lesion sites (12,13).…”

Nasopharyngeal colonization with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and mortality among patients in an intensive care unit

“…A predominance of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms has been shown in the etiology of these infections (2) in several countries, including Brazil. MDR microorganisms are defined as those that are resistant to one or more classes of antimicrobials routinely used in their treatments (3) .…”