International Production Relocation and Exports of Services

Pain, Nigel; Welsum, Desireé van

doi:10.1787/eco_studies-v2004-art4-en

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The demand for MSEs increases in response to the income of the rest of the world, that is, higher the level of foreign real income, larger would be the demand for nation's MSEs, 5 ceteris paribus (Pain & Van Welsum, 2004). The measurement of world demand variable has often varied across studies.…”

Section: World Demand/income (Simp/wy)mentioning

confidence: 99%

India's surge in modern services exports: Empirics for policy

Sahoo

Dash²

2014

Journal of Policy Modeling

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Section: World Demand/income (Simp/wy)mentioning

confidence: 99%

India's surge in modern services exports: Empirics for policy

Sahoo

Dash²

2014

Journal of Policy Modeling

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“…Furthermore, with the elasticity of demand of internationally traded services greater than one (e.g. Mann, 2004;Pain and van Welsum, 2004;van Welsum, 2004), rapid growth in countries such as India and China should also lead to reinforced exports from OECD countries. The offshoring phenomenon itself will also create new jobs in the domestic economy.…”

Section: Scope and Limitations Of Ict-enabled Globalisation And Offshmentioning

confidence: 99%

Broadband and the Economy

Welsum¹

2008

OECD Digital Economy Papers

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BROADBAND AND THE ECONOMY SummaryThis report examines the way in which broadband networks interact with the economy, the role they play in creating the conditions for sustainable economic growth and prosperity, and the structural changes they enable. Emphasis is put on the economic impacts, in particular on growth, globalisation and employment.Broadband networks are an increasingly integral part of the economy. As the technology evolves and bandwidth increases, the scope for broadband to act as an enabler of structural change in the economy expands as it affects an increasing number of sectors and activities. Direct effects result from investments in the technology and from rolling out the infrastructure. Indirect effects come from broadband's impact on factors driving growth, such as innovation, firm efficiency, competition and globalisation. Broadband facilitates the development of new inventions, new and improved goods and services, new processes, new business models, and it increases competitiveness and flexibility in the economy. More generally, broadband enables improved performance of information and communication technologies (ICTs) a general purpose technology (GPT) that is one of only a few technological improvements that fundamentally change how and where economic activity is organised. As such, significant impacts on the economy can be expected for example by enabling organisational change and enhancing co-ordination to reap productivity gains from overall investments in ICTs, although it may be difficult to clearly disentangle the economic impact of broadband from that of ICTs more generally. Furthermore, relative to other historical GPTs, such as railways and electricity, the impacts may be larger and materialise more rapidly.Broadband has become an important part of almost every aspect of the knowledge economy and is especially so in activities that rely on the provision of data and information, particularly in service sectors. Many aspects of producing, delivering, consuming, co-ordination and organisation are now taking place over broadband communications networks. Broadband generates increased efficiency, productivity and welfare gains, and potentially contributes to job creation and occupational change. But it also gives rise to security and privacy concerns, and protecting users' security is increasingly important as the broadbandenabled Internet becomes part of the economic infrastructure.Broadband is also increasingly important as an enabling technology for structural changes in the economy, most notably via its impact on productivity growth, but also by raising product market competition in many sectors, especially in services. ICTs and broadband are facilitating the globalisation of many services, with broadband making it feasible for producers and consumers of services to be in different geographical locations. ICT-enabled globalisation of services is having a fundamental impact on the way economies work and on the global allocation of resources, contributing to productivity growth by ex...

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“…Furthermore, with the elasticity of demand of internationally traded services greater than one (e.g. Pain and van Welsum, 2004;van Welsum, 2004;Mann, 2004), rapid growth in countries such as India and China should also lead to reinforced exports from OECD countries. The offshoring phenomenon itself will also create new jobs in the domestic economy.…”

Section: Employment Potentially Affected By Offshoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, as multinationals can be very large enterprises with multiple establishments that span a large number of industries, assigning their investments to their "primary" industry can be problematic. Thus, it is possible that some manufacturing from the literature are ambiguous about the overall direction of the relationship between FDI and the share of employment potentially affected by offshoring, and it is quite possible that the effects may vary according to the characteristics of particular types of potentially offshorable employment and the sectors in which FDI takes place, just as the relationship between trade and FDI depends on the level of aggregation (Pain and van Welsum, 2004;van Welsum, 2004). …”

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confidence: 99%

Potential Impacts of International Sourcing on Different Occupation

2006

OECD Digital Economy Papers

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This paper uses trade and employment data to examine the relationship between the share of employment potentially affected by offshoring and economic and structural factors, including trade in business services and foreign direct investment, using simple descriptive regressions for a panel of OECD economies between 1996 and 2003. It extends the earlier model [see DSTI/ICCP/IE(2005)8/FINAL] to test whether there are differences in the factors driving the shares of potentially offshorable "non-clerical" occupations, or professionals such as managers, consultants and engineers, and clerical occupations in total employment. Separate indicators for manufacturing and services foreign direct investment are included.The results show a positive statistical association between the share of both "non-clerical" and clerical occupations potentially affected by offshoring and exports of business services, and a negative association with imports of business services. However, the results also show important differences between different types of occupations as they behave differently over time (the share of professionals, or "non-clerical" generally growing over time and the share of clerical declining), and are affected differently by the economic and structural variables included in the model. In particular, net outward manufacturing FDI, ICT investment, and the relative size of the services sector all have a positive association with the share of employment in potentially offshorable professionals ("non-clerical" occupations), but are negative with clerical occupations. On the other hand, union density has a positive statistical association with clerical occupations but negative with professionals, or "non-clerical" occupations. These results have important implications for policy, as they clearly suggest that different factors are driving the performance of different occupational groups. 2.

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International Production Relocation and Exports of Services

Cited by 21 publications

References 24 publications

India's surge in modern services exports: Empirics for policy

India's surge in modern services exports: Empirics for policy

Broadband and the Economy

Potential Impacts of International Sourcing on Different Occupation

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