International Radio Regulation: An Overview

When efficiency meets clientelism: Spectrum management policy and broadcasting model – The Spanish case

“…Of the different types of spectrum management (‘command and control’, ‘market-based’, ‘licence exempt’), Spain has adopted the classic ‘command and control’ model, the basis of which is State control over the planning and use of the spectrum, whereby it is decided who is granted which part of the spectrum and for what purpose (García Leiva, 2013; Hendricks et al, 2011). This is the model that started to face serious criticism from the 1990s due to its lack of flexibility following the appearance of new wireless services (Analysys Consulting et al, 2004; EBU, 2012; European Commission, 2005, 2007).…”

“…The exception is Catalonia, where the regulatory authority (Catalan Audiovisual Council (CAC)) awards licences. The tender system is used, also known as the ‘beauty contest’ (Hendricks et al, 2011). This process and the different concessions made in Spain since the return to democracy have been permanently contested, criticized and doubted in terms of their objectiveness and meritocratic nature (Arboledas and Bonet, 2014; Fernández-Quijada and Arboledas, 2013).…”