International regulation of vehicle emissions control rules and its influence on academic engine development experimental study and vehicle manufacturing

Sharif, Pshtiwan M.; Hairuddin, Abdul Aziz; As’arry, Azizan; Rezali, Khairil Anas Md; Noor, M. M.; Norhafana, M.; Mossa, Muntasser A. A.; Shareef, S.M.

doi:10.1088/1757-899x/469/1/012070

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Biodiesel sources are widely distributed across global regions, rendering them geographically accessible and so qualifying as locally-sourced commodities. Moreover, the utilization of these fuels can effectively mitigate the environmental repercussions associated with diesel engines, owing to their significant reduction in CO2 emissions and engine exhaust pollutants [12][13][14][15]. The differentiation of biodiesel grades, derived from different feedstocks, is frequently observed in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) fuel standard.…”

Section: Background Of Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of Efficiency and Mitigation of Pollutan Emissions in a Compression Ignition Engine by the Utilization of Rice Bran Oil as Green Fuel

Norhafana,

Ihsan,

Noor

et al. 2024

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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The current investigation involved the implementation of a research experiment aimed at assessing the operational and emission attributes of a compression ignition direct injection engine comprising a single cylinder. The engine was fuelled with rice bran oil (RBO), and its performance was analysed under different engine loads. The performance metrics that were analysed included the brake specific fuel consumption BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), exhaust gas temperature (EGT), and cylinder pressure. The exhaust emission parameters that were investigated include carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons (HC), and oxide of nitrogen (NOX). The study compares the results obtained from an experimental investigation involving different variants of rice bran oil (RBO50, RBO75, RBO100) with those obtained from a diesel engine (RBO00). The lowest BSFC obtained for RBO100 is around 0.29 kg/kWh at maximum load conditions (75 %), while the highest obtained for RBO00 is 0.33 kg/kWh. For all operations of diesel and RBO blends, it was discovered experimentally that the BSFC increases until 25 % of engine load and then starts to decline as the engine load is raised. At normal engine load circumstances, RBO75 has the highest thermal efficiency, while RBO00 has the lowest. The high EGT reading of RBO50 blends was due to the high calorific value (CV) of the fuel blends, which produced more heat per unit mass than RBO75 and RBO100. RBO75 achieved the highest cylinder pressure under both half and full load scenarios. RBO00 (pure diesel) achieved the lowest cylinder pressure under both half and full load scenarios. RBO outscored diesel in terms of efficiency of engine. The exhaust emission characteristics that were assessed included NOX, CO2, HC, and CO. The experimental outcomes of the study using rice bran oil-based fuels, specifically RBO50, RBO75, and RBO100, are being contrasted with those of diesel fuel (RBO00). The findings indicate that emissions of CO, CO2, HC, and NOX are lower when using RBO75 and RBO100 compared to diesel fuel. Furthermore, an analysis was conducted to determine the HC emissions of both RBO75 and RBO100 fuels at two distinct engine speeds, specifically 3500 rpm and 2000 rpm. The HC emission level for RBO75 was observed to be at its peak of 211 ppm when the engine speed reached 3500 rpm. The RBO50 fuel exhibits lower levels of CO emissions, measuring at 1.2% (3500 rpm) and 0.32% (2000 rpm). Similarly, CO2 emissions are also reduced with RBO50, measuring at 8.3% (3500 rpm) and 6.9% (2000 rpm). These exhaust emission reductions are observed when comparing RBO50 to diesel (RBO00) and other fuel mixtures, under a 75% load condition. Elevated levels of NOX emissions were detected in diesel fuel (RBO00) at concentrations of 499 ppm (3500 rpm) and 599 ppm (2000 rpm). In comparison to other fuels such as RBO50, RBO75, and RBO100, these higher NOX emissions were noted. In summary, the emission properties of RBO were shown to be superior to those of diesel fuel. The optimal blend for emissions reduction, including CO2, CO, NOX, and HC, was determined to be RBO50.

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Section: Background Of Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of Efficiency and Mitigation of Pollutan Emissions in a Compression Ignition Engine by the Utilization of Rice Bran Oil as Green Fuel

Norhafana,

Ihsan,

Noor

et al. 2024

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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“…Vehicle models have a range of features. Automotive OEMs can optimise their vehicle fleet portfolio by maximising vehicle sales and minimising the CO 2 tariff cost incurred by reconfiguring vehicle features to satisfy CO 2 emission targets in (g/km), whilst also satisfying customer demand for a given selection of vehicle features (Sharif et al, 2019).…”

Section: Decision Criteria I Optimise Vehicle Fleet Portfoliomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The decision support model considered four criteria to be evaluated by automotive OEMs for CO 2 management decisions. The key decision criteria for CO 2 management decisions focussing on the commercial implications of CO 2 legislation found in the literature were vehicle fleet portfolio (Autovista, 2019), customer demand (Sharif et al, 2019), market requirements (Ligterink et al, 2015) and financial cost (Ricardo, 2018) as seen in Table 4. However, existing approaches considered several other criteria such as investment cost in technology (Matar & Elshurafa, 2017), product material type, mass and the emissions per component produced as seen in Table 7.…”

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confidence: 99%

Multi-objective decision-making methods for optimising CO2 decisions in the automotive industry

Ibrahim

Cox

Mills

et al. 2021

Journal of Cleaner Production

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“…The aerospace and automotive industries have recognized the importance of regulations concerning exhaust emissions and fuel economy, prompting manufacturers to employ advanced methods of reducing overall structural weight. 1,2 One effective strategy to decrease the overall weight of structures while maintaining their quality and safety is implementing hybrid structures, where various components are made of materials with varying thermal, physical, and mechanical properties. However, joining dissimilar materials has posed various challenges and has limited their widespread usage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of tool–pin offset on microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of friction stir welded AA2024-T3 and SS304 dissimilar joints

Mir,

Khan,

Siddiquee

et al. 2023

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L:

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The combination of aluminum and steel materials in hybrid structures shows promising applications in the automotive, marine, and aerospace sectors. The present study investigates how the tool–pin offset impacts the microstructural, mechanical, and electrochemical characteristics of friction stir-welded joints between dissimilar AA2024-T3 and SS304 materials. The optimum conditions were achieved at a tool rotation of 560 r/min, a traverse speed of 25 mm/min, and a tool–pin offset of 1 mm towards the Al side. Upon increasing the tool–pin offset to 1.5 mm, insufficient heat input resulted in inadequate plastic deformation and material flow, leading to the creation of flaws like voids, tunnels, and interfacial gaps. However, under optimal conditions, the joint exhibited a well-defined and serrated interface, with fine steel fragments securely embedded in the Al matrix. Additionally, thin intermetallic compounds were observed around the steel fragments within the Al matrix. This favorable combination resulted in enhanced tensile strength and increased ductility in the joint. The Vickers hardness test revealed that the stir zone exhibited the highest hardness values, primarily attributed to the ultra-refinement of grains. Furthermore, the potentiodynamic test revealed that the welded samples show improved corrosion resistance against the base material AA2024-T3, although BM-SS304 exhibited the highest corrosion resistance among all the samples, likely due to its higher chromium content.

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International regulation of vehicle emissions control rules and its influence on academic engine development experimental study and vehicle manufacturing

Cited by 5 publications

References 16 publications

Enhancement of Efficiency and Mitigation of Pollutan Emissions in a Compression Ignition Engine by the Utilization of Rice Bran Oil as Green Fuel

Enhancement of Efficiency and Mitigation of Pollutan Emissions in a Compression Ignition Engine by the Utilization of Rice Bran Oil as Green Fuel

Multi-objective decision-making methods for optimising CO2 decisions in the automotive industry

Effect of tool–pin offset on microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of friction stir welded AA2024-T3 and SS304 dissimilar joints

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