“…First, researchers have added other factors that can also create barriers to women's expatriation opportunities, such as the lack of supportive mechanisms, whether organizational or family-friendly measures and physical security abroad (Hutchings et al , 2012; Rashid, 2010; Shortland, 2011, 2014a, 2014b; Varma and Russell, 2016). Second, new forms of international work have been explored, such as non-traditional assignments (Fischlmayr and Puchmüller, 2016; Mäkelä et al , 2017; Shortland, 2020) and self-initiated expatriates (Lauring and Selmer, 2014; Rodriguez and Scurry, 2014). Third, specific barriers for women in non-business jobs (e.g.…”