International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise

Abstract

Position statementThe International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review related to the intake of protein for healthy, exercising individuals. Based on the current available literature, the position of the Society is as follows:An acute exercise stimulus, particularly resistance exercise, and protein ingestion both stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and are synergistic when protein consumption occurs before or after resistance exercise.For building muscle mass and for maintaining muscle mass through a positive muscle protein balance, an overall daily protein intake in the range of 1.4–2.0 g protein/kg body weight/day (g/kg/d) is sufficient for most exercising individuals, a value that falls in line within the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range published by the Institute of Medicine for protein.Higher protein intakes (2.3–3.1 g/kg/d) may be needed to maximize the retention of lean body mass in resistance-trained subjects during hypocaloric periods.There is novel evidence that suggests higher protein intakes (>3.0 g/kg/d) may have positive effects on body composition in resistance-trained individuals (i.e., promote loss of fat mass).Recommendations regarding the optimal protein intake per serving for athletes to maximize MPS are mixed and are dependent upon age and recent resistance exercise stimuli. General recommendations are 0.25 g of a high-quality protein per kg of body weight, or an absolute dose of 20–40 g.Acute protein doses should strive to contain 700–3000 mg of leucine and/or a higher relative leucine content, in addition to a balanced array of the essential amino acids (EAAs).These protein doses should ideally be evenly distributed, every 3–4 h, across the day.The optimal time period during which to ingest protein is likely a matter of individual tolerance, since benefits are derived from pre- or post-workout ingestion; however, the anabolic effect of exercise is long-lasting (at least 24 h), but likely diminishes with increasing time post-exercise.While it is possible for physically active individuals to obtain their daily protein requirements through the consumption of whole foods, supplementation is a practical way of ensuring intake of adequate protein quality and quantity, while minimizing caloric intake, particularly for athletes who typically complete high volumes of training. Rapidly digested proteins that contain high proportions of essential amino acids (EAAs) and adequate leucine, are most effective in stimulating MPS. Different types and quality of protein can affect amino acid bioavailability following protein supplementation. Athletes should consider focusing on whole food sources of protein that contain all of the EAAs (i.e., it is the EAAs that are required to stimulate MPS). Endurance athletes should focus on achieving adequate carbohydrate intake to promote optimal performance; the addition of protein may help to offset muscle damage and promote recovery. Pre-sleep casein protein intake (30–40 g) provides increases in overnight MPS...

ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Nutritional management in children and adolescents with diabetes

“…Distribution and timing of protein intake is important and advice about suitable foods to be eaten before and after exercise and before sleep should be given. Adult literature suggests that 25 to 30 g protein per meal is optimal to enhance muscle protein synthesis . Ensuring protein is included in the meal prior to exercise may help reduce the risk of hypoglycemia during exercise .…”

“…Milk based drinks are recommended as appropriate sources of protein and carbohydrate for enhancing muscle protein synthesis n sports nutrition literature. A further advantage of milk is its leucine content as this has been specifically associated with the ability to train, compete and recover …”

Evaluation of Some Ingredients and Energy Content on Front‐of‐Pack Cereal Bar Labeling as Drivers of Choice and Perception of Healthiness: A Case Study with Exercisers

“…According to the British Nutrition Foundation (2015), protein requirements for regular participants in sports and exercise (like swimming/running or going to the gym on a regular basis) may be slightly higher than for the general sedentary population, in order to promote muscle tissue growth and repair. Also, the International Society of Sports Nutrition (Jäger et al, 2018) has stated that while it is possible for physically active individuals to obtain their daily protein requirements through the consumption of whole foods, supplementation is a practical way of ensuring the intake of an adequate quality and quantity of protein. Finally, the calorie content information has a direct relation to perceived healthiness that could exert a strong influence on behavior (Wegman et al, 2018).…”

Physical exercise and Prader‐Willi syndrome: A systematic review

“…Only three studies demonstrated an increase in muscle mass in response to an exercise intervention . Adequate protein intake plays a major role on the promotion of muscle anabolism during exercise training . Thus, it might be hypothesized that, in those studies that reported no benefits on muscle mass, protein intake might have been insufficient (in terms of total amount and/or protein quality) to obtain beneficial effects.…”