International Space Station Life Support System

Seedhouse, Erik

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52859-1_5

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…At the moment of writing, we have no requirements for air flux or air duct size. The only available data refer to the ISS 87 , regarding the air flux of the re-circulating air (460 m 3 /h) and the air duct diameter (14 cm). These two quantities have been used as simulation parameters.…”

Section: Sailor Moon Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar Ultraviolet Light Collector for Germicidal Irradiation on the Moon

Lombini¹,

Schreiber²,

Albertini³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Prolonged human-crewed missions on the Moon are foreseen as a gateway for Mars and asteroid colonisation in the next decades. Health risks related to long-time permanence in space have been partially investigated. Hazards due to airborne biological contaminants are possible. A possible way to perform pathogens' inactivation is by employing the shortest wavelength range of Solar ultraviolet radiation, the so-called germicidal range. On Earth, it is totally absorbed by the atmosphere and does not reach the surface. In space, such UV solar component is present and effective germicidal irradiation for airborne pathogens' inactivation can be achieved inside habitable outposts through a combination of highly reflective internal coating and optimised geometry of the air ducts. The Solar Ultraviolet Light Collector for Germicidal Irradiation on the Moon is a project whose aim is to collect Ultraviolet solar radiation and use it as a source to sanitise the re-circulating air of the human outposts. The most favourable positions where to place these collectors are over the peaks at the Moon's poles, which have the peculiarity of being exposed to solar radiation most of the time. On August 2022, NASA communicated to have identified 13 candidate landing regions near the lunar South Pole for Artemis missions. Another advantage of the Moon is its low inclination to the ecliptic, which maintains the Sun’s apparent altitude inside a reduced angular range. For this reason, Ultraviolet solar radiation can be collected through a simplified Sun's tracking collector or even a static collector and used to sanitise the recycled air. Fluid-dynamic and optical simulations have been performed to support the proposed idea. The expected inactivation rates for some airborne pathogens, either common or found on the International Space Station, are reported and compared with the proposed device efficiency. The results show that it is possible to use Ultraviolet solar radiation directly for air sanitation inside the lunar outposts and deliver a healthy living environment to the astronauts.

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Section: Sailor Moon Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar Ultraviolet Light Collector for Germicidal Irradiation on the Moon

Lombini¹,

Schreiber²,

Albertini³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…25,26 On board the International Space Station (ISS), the current method of fire detection is the Fire Detection and Suppression system (FDS) which uses an optics-based particle monitor to detect aerosols in smoke. 27 However, FDS lacks specificity and has a pattern of producing false alarms during housekeeping tasks that increase the amount of dust in cabin air. Lack of specificity is a fundamental problem with the current system and raises concerns for lunar missions where lunar dust has the potential to trigger false alarms in the fire detection system as well.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mass Spectrometry-Machine Learning Approach for Detecting Volatile Organic Compound Emissions for Early Fire Detection

Kingsley

Jones

et al. 2023

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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Mass spectrometry in parallel with real-time machine learning techniques were paired in a novel application to detect and identify chemically specific, early indicators of fires and near-fire events involving a set of selected materials: Mylar, Teflon, and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The volatile organic compounds emitted during the thermal decomposition of each of the three materials were characterized using a quadrupole mass spectrometer which scanned the 1–200 m/z range. CO2, CH3CHO, and C6H6 were the main volatiles detected during Mylar thermal decomposition, while Teflon’s thermal decomposition yielded CO2 and a set of fluorocarbon compounds including CF4, C2F4, C2F6, C3F6, CF2O, and CF3O. PMMA produced CO2 and methyl methacrylate (MMA, C5H8O2). The mass spectral peak patterns observed during the thermal decomposition of each material were unique to that material and were therefore useful as chemical signatures. It was also observed that the chemical signatures remained consistent and detectable when multiple materials were heated together. Mass spectra data sets containing the chemical signatures for each material and mixtures were collected and analyzed using a random forest panel machine learning classification. The classification was tested and demonstrated 100% accuracy for single material spectra and an average of 92.3% accuracy for mixed material spectra. This investigation presents a novel technique for the real-time, chemically specific detection of fire related VOCs through mass spectrometry which shows promise as a more rapid and accurate method for detecting fires or near-fire events.

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“…Currently, the International Space Station (ISS) has several processes that are intended to recycle the air and produce oxygen. One of the most important is the air revitalization system (ARS), which combines the subsystems of the oxygen-generating assembly (OGA) and the Sabatier system to regenerate the atmosphere. , …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the most important is the air revitalization system (ARS), which combines the subsystems of the oxygen-generating assembly (OGA) and the Sabatier system to regenerate the atmosphere. 1,2 The OGA operates via electrolysis to split water into oxygen and hydrogen. 3 This hydrogen is then utilized in the carbon dioxide reduction assembly (CRA) as part of the Sabatier reaction.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Iron-Based Metal–Organic Framework Activation Temperatures in Acetylene Adsorption

Day¹,

Rowe

Ybanez³

et al. 2022

Inorg. Chem.

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One of the major issues regarding long-term human space exploration is the need for a breathable atmosphere. A major component toward achieving this goal is both the removal of exhaled carbon dioxide (CO2) and the generation or recovery of oxygen (O2). NASA’s current technology only operates at about 50% efficiency due to the need to vent the methane that is produced during the CO2 reduction process. One method of improving the efficiency of this process is through plasma pyrolysis, wherein the methane is pyrolyzed to produce hydrogen and various dehydrogenated carbon byproducts. In this process, acetylene is one of the main components of this byproduct stream. Unfortunately, while the concentration of this effluent is generally high in hydrogen (>90% typically), the presence of the acetylene waste product can act as a poison for the ruthenium–alumina catalyst used in the CO2-reducing Sabatier process, requiring a removal step. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) represent a valuable method for removing these unsaturated hydrocarbons due to their high tunability, particularly through the incorporation of open metal sites. In this study, two common iron-based MOFs, MIL-100 and PCN-250, were studied for their ability to adsorb acetylene. A combination of gas adsorption analysis and density functional theory calculation results shows the ability of these materials to undergo a thermal-induced reduction event, which results in an improvement in gas adsorption performance. This improvement in gas performance appears to be at least partially due to the increased presence of π-backbonding toward the acetylene molecules.

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International Space Station Life Support System

Cited by 8 publications

References 5 publications

Solar Ultraviolet Light Collector for Germicidal Irradiation on the Moon

Solar Ultraviolet Light Collector for Germicidal Irradiation on the Moon

A Mass Spectrometry-Machine Learning Approach for Detecting Volatile Organic Compound Emissions for Early Fire Detection

Evaluation of Iron-Based Metal–Organic Framework Activation Temperatures in Acetylene Adsorption

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