International Standards for Tuberculosis Care

Hopewell, Philip C.; Pai, Madhukar; Maher, Dermot; Uplekar, Mukund; Raviglione, Mario

doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(06)70628-4

Cited by 375 publications

(233 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…The possible explanation for the highest proportional distribution recorded for 25-49 age groups could be attributed to the weakening of the immune system [10]. Even in the absence of HIV, this is the age group in general population where reactivation of latent tuberculosis takes place It has been estimated that the diagnosis of active TB with a sputumbased assay with a sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 97% has the potential to save more than 400,000 lives per year.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of Ziehl-Neelsen and Genexpert Techniques for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus Positive Patients in Benin City

Chinedum¹,

Emwiomwan²,

Ifeanyi³

et al. 2017

Ann Clin Lab Res

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the second most common infectious cause of death in adults worldwide (HIV is the most common). The human host serves as the natural reservoir for M. tuberculosis. The ability of the organism to efficiently establish latent infection has enabled it to spread to nearly one-third of individuals worldwide. Approximately eight million new cases of active TB disease occur each year, leading to about 1.7 million deaths. The disease incidence is magnified by the concurrent epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. A total of 362 sputum specimens from 181 presumptive tuberculosis suspects of patients living with Human Immuno-Deficiency virus were tested using direct smear staining technique of ZiehlNeelsen and GeneXpert for the detection of MTB/RIF. The performance of Xpert MTB/RIF technique was compared withZiehlNeelsentechnique, out of the 181 persons, 148 were smear negative (81.8%) and 33 were smear positive (18.2%), while for the Genexpert MTB/RIF technique, 115 (63.5%) were MTB not detected (negative), 59 (32.6%) MTB detected, RIF resistance not detected and RIF resistance detected, 4 (2.2%) error and 3 (1.7%) incomplete. Thirty-three (33) patients (18.2%) were TB positive with both techniques, Twenty-six patients (14.4%) were GeneXpert/RIF positive but ZN staining technique negative and 110 patients (60.7%) were negative with both methods. The positivity rate for MTB detected for Genexpert technique in female was 32 (58.2%) and male 23 (39.0%), while ZN staining technique in female was 15 (45.5%), and male 18 (54.5%). From this study, it was observed that Genexpert technique detected more tuberculosis cases than Ziehl-Neelsen technique. Amongst people living with Human Immuno-Deficiency virus, female are more diagnosed of tuberculosis than male with age range of 25-49 years having the highest positive result and the least positive result in age range 15-19 years 4 (2.2%), male 3 (1.7%) and female 1 (0.5%). Age distribution shows age group 25-49 years old with the highest number 120 (66.7%), with male 45 (25.0%)and female 75 (41.7%), followed by age group 50 years old and above 36 (20.0%), male 11 (6.1%) and female 25 (13.9%), then followed by age group 7-14 years old 13 (7.2%), male 8 (4.4%) and female 5 (2.8%). Age group 20-24 years old had 7 (3.9%), male 5 (2.8%)and female 2 (1.1%) and the least, age group 15-19 years old 4 (2.2%), male 3 (1.7%) and female 1 (0.5%). The sensitivity and specificity ratio were 85% and 97%. The integration of molecular techniques such as Genexpert in the identification of M. tuberculosis complex is recommended as this can provide timely intervention in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of Ziehl-Neelsen and Genexpert Techniques for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus Positive Patients in Benin City

Chinedum¹,

Emwiomwan²,

Ifeanyi³

et al. 2017

Ann Clin Lab Res

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“…The solid medium culture is used in the diagnosis of active tuberculosis more economical in the support poor countries. No, any method was developed for the diagnosis of active tuberculosis, latent tuberculosis infection is diagnosed by using tuberculin skin tests (TST) or Interferongamma release assays 30,34 . Active tuberculosis & HIV infection are the high proliferation diseases, approximately more than 90% patients infected with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) & multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and 30% of patients infected with active tuberculosis 3,5 .…”

Section: Active Tuberculosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuberculosis: A Literature Review

Shivanand¹,

Mukhopadhayay²

2017

Int. Res. J. Pharm.

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“…All definitions used (except otherwise mentioned) were derived from WHO documents and ERS guidelines [2][3][4]7]. Epidemiological data for TB in Europe were taken from the EuroTB website [8].…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Passive case finding is standard and consistent with the WHO-recommended Stop TB Strategy [2]. Active case finding includes all methods for the identification and then treatment of those with TB who have not reported to the healthcare system of their own accord.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Active case finding of tuberculosis in Europe: a Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (TBNET) survey

Bothamley¹,

Diţiu

Migliori³

et al. 2008

Eur Respir J

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Tuberculosis control depends on successful case finding and treatment of individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Passive case finding is widely practised: the present study aims to ascertain the consensus and possible improvements in active case finding across Europe.Recommendations from national guidelines were collected from 50 countries of the World Health Organization European region using a standard questionnaire.Contacts are universally screened for active tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Most countries (.70%) screen those with HIV infection, prisoners and in-patient contacts. Screening of immigrants is related to their contribution to national rates of tuberculosis. Only 25 (50%) out of 50 advise a request for symptoms in their guidelines. A total of 36 (72%) out of 50 countries recommend sputum examination for those with a persistent cough; 13 countries do not, even if the chest radiograph suggests tuberculosis. Nearly all countries (49 out of 50) use tuberculin skin testing (TST); 27 (54%) out of 50 countries also perform chest radiography irrespective of the TST result. Interpretation of the TST varies widely. All countries use 6-9 months of isoniazid for treatment of LTBI, with an estimated median (range) uptake of 55% (5-92.5%).Symptoms and sputum examination could be used more widely when screening for active tuberculosis. Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection might be better focused by targeted use of interferon-c release assays.

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International Standards for Tuberculosis Care

Cited by 375 publications

References 51 publications

Comparative Analysis of Ziehl-Neelsen and Genexpert Techniques for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus Positive Patients in Benin City

Comparative Analysis of Ziehl-Neelsen and Genexpert Techniques for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus Positive Patients in Benin City

Tuberculosis: A Literature Review

Active case finding of tuberculosis in Europe: a Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (TBNET) survey

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