International Tables of the Surface Tension of Water

Vargaftik, N. B.; Volkov, Boris; Voljak, L. D.

doi:10.1063/1.555688

Cited by 1,132 publications

(689 citation statements)

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“…Vargaftik et al 4 and utilized for all calculations. For the values presented in Table 1 in the main text, the calculated charge per droplet was divided by the droplet charge at the Rayleigh limit (Q R ) to obtain the percentage of the Rayleigh limit for the droplet.…”

Section: Rayleigh Limit Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Spectrometric Sampling of a Liquid Surface by Nanoliter Droplet Generation from Bursting Bubbles and Focused Acoustic Pulses: Application to Studies of Interfacial Chemistry

et al. 2015

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Section: Rayleigh Limit Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass Spectrometric Sampling of a Liquid Surface by Nanoliter Droplet Generation from Bursting Bubbles and Focused Acoustic Pulses: Application to Studies of Interfacial Chemistry

et al. 2015

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“…Considering ambient temperature and pressure conditions, the properties for pure water have been taken from refs. (Kestin et al, 1978;Perry and Green, 2008;Vargaftik et al, 1983). As for the physical properties of water-MEG mixtures, the work by Sun and Teja (2003) has been taken into account for evaluating their densities and viscosities as a function of the mass fraction of monoethylene glycol, of the temperature and of the properties of the two components constituting the binary system.…”

Section: Experimental Setup and Liquid Phasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The dual effect of viscosity on bubble column hydrodynamics

Besagni

Inzoli

Guido

et al. 2017

Chemical Engineering Science

112

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A B S T R A C TSome authors, in the last decades, have observed the dual effect of viscosity on gas holdup and flow regime transition in small-diameter and small-scale bubble columns. This work concerns the experimental investigation of the dual effect of viscosity on gas holdup and flow regime transition as well as bubble size distributions in a large-diameter and large-scale bubble column. The bubble column is 5.3 m in height, has an inner diameter of 0.24 m, and can be operated with gas superficial velocities in the range of 0.004-0.20 m/s. Air was used as the dispersed phase, and various water-monoethylene glycol solutions were employed as the liquid phase. The water-monoethylene glycol solutions that were tested correspond to a viscosity between 0.9 mPa s and 7.97 mPa s, a density between 997.086 kg/m 3 and 1094.801 kg/m 3 , a surface tension between 0.0715 N/m and 0.0502 N/m, and log 10 (Mo) between −10.77 and −6.55 (where Mo is the Morton number). Gas holdup measurements were used to investigate the global fluid dynamics and the flow regime transition between the homogeneous flow regime and the transition flow regime. An image analysis method was used to investigate the bubble size distributions and shapes for different gas superficial velocities, for different solutions of watermonoethylene glycol. In addition, based on the experimental data from the image analysis, a correlation between the bubble equivalent diameter and the bubble aspect ratio was proposed. The dual effect of viscosity, previously verified in smaller bubble columns, was confirmed not only with respect to the gas holdup and flow regime transition, but also for the bubble size distributions. Low viscosities stabilize the homogeneous flow regime and increase the gas holdup, and are characterized by a larger number of small bubbles. Conversely, higher viscosities destabilize the homogeneous flow regime and decrease the gas holdup, and the bubble size distribution moves toward large bubbles. The experimental results suggest that the stabilization/destabilization of the homogeneous regime is related to the changes in the bubble size distributions and a simple approach, based on the lift force, was proposed to explain this relationship. Finally, the experimental results were compared to the dual effect of organic compounds and inorganic compounds: future studies should propose a comprehensive theory to explain all the dual effects observed.

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“…Equation 2 is based on the correlation of Vargaftik et al 28 updated by IAPWS for the ITS-90 temperature scale. It shows one inflection point at a temperature of 256.46°C.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Tension of Supercooled Water Determined by Using a Counterpressure Capillary Rise Method

et al. 2015

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Measurements of the surface tension of supercooled water down to −25°C have been reported recently (Hrubýet al. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2014, 5, 425−428). These experiments did not show any anomalous temperature dependence of the surface tension of supercooled water reported by some earlier measurements and molecular simulations. In the present work, this finding is confirmed using a counterpressure capillary rise method (the counterpressure method) as well as through the use of the classical capillary rise method (the height method). In the counterpressure method, the liquid meniscus inside the vertical capillary tube was kept at a fixed position with an in-house developed helium distribution setup. A preset counterpressure was applied to the liquid meniscus when its temperature changed from a reference temperature (30°C) to the temperature of interest. The magnitude of the counterpressure was adjusted such that the meniscus remained at the same height, thus compensating the change of the surface tension. One advantage of the counterpressure method over the height method consists of avoiding the uncertainty due to a possible variation of the capillary diameter along its length. A second advantage is that the equilibration time due to the capillary flow of the highly viscous supercooled water can be shortened. For both the counterpressure method and the height method, the actual results are relative values of surface tension with respect to the surface tension of water at the reference temperature. The combined relative standard uncertainty of the relative surface tensions is less than or equal to 0.18%. The new data between −26 and +30°C lie close to the IAPWS correlation for the surface tension of ordinary water extrapolated below 0.01°C and do not exhibit any anomalous features. ■ INTRODUCTIONThe surface tension of supercooled liquids, in particular, water and aqueous mixtures, is an important property both in academia and in industry. It plays an essential role in atmospheric research of the nucleation and growth of water droplets 1 and ice crystals. 2 It is known that water in clouds can persist in a supercooled liquid form at temperatures down to −38°C. 3 Manka et al. 4 recently showed that liquid water nanodroplets rather than ice crystals form by homogeneous nucleation at temperatures down to −73°C. Reliable data for the surface tension of supercooled aqueous systems are also important in technical applications such as operation of wind turbines, 5 aircraft icing, 6 or design of secondary refrigeration systems operating with brine. 7 Compared to other fluids, water shows several anomalies at low temperatures, e.g., the well-known maximum in the liquid density at +4°C at atmospheric pressure. The unusual behavior of liquid water becomes more distinct in the metastable supercooled region below 0°C. For instance, the isobaric heat capacity and the isothermal compressibility seemingly diverge (or approach a sharp maximum) when extrapolated to temperatures around −45°C, i.e., below the homogeneous nuc...

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International Tables of the Surface Tension of Water

Cited by 1,132 publications

References 0 publications

Mass Spectrometric Sampling of a Liquid Surface by Nanoliter Droplet Generation from Bursting Bubbles and Focused Acoustic Pulses: Application to Studies of Interfacial Chemistry

Mass Spectrometric Sampling of a Liquid Surface by Nanoliter Droplet Generation from Bursting Bubbles and Focused Acoustic Pulses: Application to Studies of Interfacial Chemistry

The dual effect of viscosity on bubble column hydrodynamics

Surface Tension of Supercooled Water Determined by Using a Counterpressure Capillary Rise Method

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