International Trade and Energy Intensity During European Industrialization, 1870–1935

Industrial Intensification and Energy Embodied in Trade: Long‐Run Energy Perspective of the Planned Economy of Czechoslovakia

“…Historically, Czechoslovakia has been a net exporter of energy embodied in trade (Kander et al. ). This pattern can be traced back already to the late nineteenth century when Czechoslovakia, as one of the most industrialized parts of the Austrio‐Hungarian Empire, became an important producer as well as exporter of predominantly consumer goods (textiles, glass, and food), all of which required significant amounts of energy (Kander et al.…”

“…This pattern can be traced back already to the late nineteenth century when Czechoslovakia, as one of the most industrialized parts of the Austrio‐Hungarian Empire, became an important producer as well as exporter of predominantly consumer goods (textiles, glass, and food), all of which required significant amounts of energy (Kander et al. ). Preliminary findings on the pre‐WWI period have shown that, in 1913, well over 20% of total domestic energy consumption was embodied in export goods (Kander et al.…”

“…Previous work on the newly developed TEG database has assessed energy intensity changes from a consumption‐based perspective for a group of seven European countries in the period of 1870–1935, at the same time of the spread of industrialization and the first wave of globalization in economic history (Kander et al. ).…”

“…Muliplicator is used to account for material losses (a multiplicator of 1.08 thus refers to an 8% material loss in the production of yarn from raw cotton). For more detail on the process analysis employed in this paper, the reader is referred to the main article as well as Supplementary Information section of Kander and colleagues (). 1)Raw cotton = 49.7 GJ 2)Cotton yarn = 176.1 GJ (49.7 * 1.08 + 122.4) 3)Cotton cloth = 257.7 GJ (171.6 + 81.6) …”

Low Carbon Economy Performance Analysis with the Intertemporal Effect of Capital in China

“…An improvement to consumption-based carbon accounting that takes technology differences in export sectors into account and thereby tends to more correctly reflect how national policy changes affect total global emissions [60]. These consumption-based accounts are strongly influenced by the trade in metal goods and fuels, facilitating industrialization elsewhere [61]. Moreover, for eliminating the influence of population differences among provinces, this paper defined the per-capita physical capital stock as a dynamic factor; the per-capita GDP as a desirable output; carbon emission as an undesirable output; and the per-capita human capital stock, per-capita energy consumption, and export rate as input factors.…”