Internationalism as Political Praxis: Everyday Actions and Transnational Solidarity Building in the Brazilian Landless Rural Workers’ Movement

Abstract

Contrarily to “nation-based” or “classic” internationalism, internationalism as political praxis today shows a dynamic relationship between different scales of action that influence each other, notably according to structural changes in the social, cultural, and political-economic system. Furthermore, it differs from classic internationalism in focusing on different political struggles and debates, mobilizing more horizontal methods of organization, acknowledging a diversity of tactics, embracing a larger set of political principles and struggles (going beyond class to address the environment, race, and gender), and being more concerned with empowerment than with taking power. What is more, although contemporary internationalism is still guided by “socialism,” the term is loosely defined, allowing for ideological plurality based on political experimentation. Ao contrário do internacionalismo baseado na nação ou “clássico”, o internacionalismo como práxis política hoje mostra uma relação dinâmica entre diferentes escalas de ação que se influenciam mutuamente, notadamente de acordo com as mudanças estruturais no sistema social, cultural e político-econômico. Além disso, concentra-se em diferentes lutas e debates políticos do internacionalismo clássico, mobiliza métodos mais horizontais de organização, reconhece a diversidade de táticas, abraça um conjunto maior de princípios e lutas políticas (indo além da classe para abordar o meio ambiente, raça e gênero), e está mais preocupado com o empoderamento do que com a tomada de poder. Além disso, embora o internacionalismo contemporâneo ainda seja guiado pelo “socialismo”, o termo é vagamente definido, permitindo a pluralidade ideológica baseada na experimentação política.

Impact of land loss on academic performance among rural adolescents in China: based on cognition-investment-performance framework

“…This can result in them prioritizing their own livelihood decisions over those of their adolescent children's in terms of quality of learning motivation and learning rights, owing to their social status and emotional changes (Xu, 2020;Palit, 2022), and this pressure forces land-lost farmers to reduce expenditures on their adolescents' education. In addition, the mental stress caused by the loss of land may cause land-lost farmers to adopt inappropriate parenting methods (McLeod and Shanahan, 1993) and the intergenerational transfer of family culture can result in internalization of adolescents' learning attitude and academic expectations, thus affecting family education cognition and affecting their children's educational views (Yang, 2021;Furukawa Marques and Lagier, 2022). Land loss may affect adolescents' academic performance through parenting methods (education cognition) and human capital investment of the families.…”