“…Similarly, interactive media use, especially access to smartphones, increased from 73% in 2014 to 95% in 2018 (Lenhart, 2015b;Pluhar et al, 2019). Although the increment is clear, the prevalence rates for PIU vary among the studies ranging between 0.8% to 14% (Poli & Agrimi, 2012;Sussman, Harper, Stahl, & Weigle, 2018;Wu et al, 2013). The large discrepancies between the studies may be related to diagnostic tools, methodological differences, population-based, cultural differences, and diverse behavioral norms (Kawabe et al, 2016;Pluhar et al, 2019;Rich, Tsappis, & Kavanaugh, 2018).…”