Internet-based survey of the nature and perceived causes of injury to dogs participating in agility training and competition events

Cullen, Kimberley; Dickey, James P.; Bent, Leah R.; Thomason, J. J.; Moens, Noël M. M.

doi:10.2460/javma.243.7.1010

Cited by 61 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Soft tissue injuries such as strains, sprains and contusions are common in agility; approximately 32% of dog athletes develop an injury [4, 5] and the biomechanical mechanism of injury is often unknown [5]. However, certain activities, such as jumping and climbing the A-frame obstacle, have a higher risk for injury [4, 5]. The shoulder has been identified in two recent retrospective surveys as the most frequently injured anatomical location [4, 5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, certain activities, such as jumping and climbing the A-frame obstacle, have a higher risk for injury [4, 5]. The shoulder has been identified in two recent retrospective surveys as the most frequently injured anatomical location [4, 5]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The four forelimb muscles examined in this study were the Biceps Brachii (BB), Supraspinatus (SP), Infraspinatus (IF), and Triceps Brachii – Long Head (TBLH). These muscles were identifed as being associated with a high risk of injury in the sport [5], and were chosen for further study here both for their importance in canine locomotion [8, 12, 18, 33] and for their role in canines presenting with forelimb lameness in clinical settings [6, 34]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The magnitude of muscular activation of four canine forelimb muscles in dogs performing two agility-specific tasks

et al. 2016

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BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to measure the muscular activation in four forelimb muscles while dogs performed agility tasks (i.e., jumping and A-frame) and to provide insight into potential relationships between level of muscular activation and risk of injury. Muscle activation in eight healthy, client-owned agility dogs was measured using ultrasound-guided fine-wire electromyography of four specific forelimb muscles: Biceps Brachii, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, and Triceps Brachii – Long Head, while dogs performed a two jump sequence and while dogs ascended and descended an A-frame obstacle at two different competition heights.ResultsThe peak muscle activations during these agility tasks were between 1.7 and 10.6 fold greater than walking. Jumping required higher levels of muscle activation compared to ascending and descending an A-frame, for all muscles of interest. There was no significant difference in muscle activation between the two A-frame heights.ConclusionsCompared to walking, all of the muscles were activated at high levels during the agility tasks and our findings indicate that jumping is an especially demanding activity for dogs in agility. This information is broadly relevant to understanding the pathophysiology of forelimb injuries related to canine athletic activity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The magnitude of muscular activation of four canine forelimb muscles in dogs performing two agility-specific tasks

et al. 2016

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“…Several degenerative disorders have been identified in both humans and dogs involving the supraspinatus tendon including rotator cuff tears, calcifying tendinopathy (bony mineralisation within the tendon) and tendinosis (microtears within the tendon) (3,(5)(6)(7). ST is a term used to describe these clinical conditions and/or injuries in and around the tendon of the supraspinatus muscle, and is a cause of forelimb lameness, especially in human athletes and performance dogs (5,(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supraspinatus Tendinopathy in 327 Dogs: A Retrospective Study

Canapp¹,

Canapp²,

Carr³

et al. 2016

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“…2,5,20 A previous survey with agility dogs found that thirty-two percent of the population had some degree of orthopaedic lameness during training, and that fifty-three percent of those evaluated by a veterinarian were due to muscle or tendon injury. 5 The muscle is prone to acute strain from excessive stretch while engaged in eccentric contraction, wherein the external forces being driven across the muscle overload the contractile force of the muscle itself. 3,4,23,[28][29] The fibres of the muscle may then become disrupted and lose continuity, with additional disruption of the vascular supply leading to interstitial haemorrhage and swelling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Evaluation of Iliopsoas Strain with Findings from Diagnostic Musculoskeletal Ultrasound in Agility Performance Canines – 73 Cases

Cullen¹,

Canapp²,

Dycus³

et al. 2017

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Objective:Iliopsoas injury and strain is a commonly diagnosed disease process, especially amongst working and sporting canines. There has been very little published literature regarding iliopsoas injuries and there is no information regarding the ultrasound evaluation of abnormal iliopsoas muscles. This manuscript is intended to describe the ultrasound findings in 73 canine agility athletes who had physical examination findings consistent with iliopsoas discomfort. The population was chosen given the high incidence of these animals for the development of iliopsoas injury; likely due to repetitive stress. Methods:Medical records of 73 agility performance canines that underwent musculoskeletal ultrasound evaluation of bilateral iliopsoas muscle groups were retrospectively reviewed. Data included signalment, previous radiographic findings, and ultrasound findings. A 3-tier grading scheme for acute strains was used while the practitioner also evaluated for evidence of chronic injury and bursitis. Results:The majority of pathologies were localised to the tendon of insertion, with the majority being low grade I-II strains (80.8%). Tendon fibre disruption (71.2%) and indistinct hypoechoic lesions (91.8%) were the most common of acute changes noted. Hyperechoic chronic changes were noted in 84.9 percent of cases. Acute and chronic changes were commonly seen together (62.8%). Conclusion:Diagnostic musculoskeletal ultrasound was used to identify lesions of the iliopsoas tendon consistent with acute and chronic injury, as well as identifying the region of pathology. The majority of agility performance dogs had low grade acute strains based on the tiered system, with mixed acute and chronic lesions being noted frequently. Application:Diagnostic musculoskeletal ultrasound provides a non-invasive diagnostic modality for patients suspected of having an iliopsoas strain.

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Internet-based survey of the nature and perceived causes of injury to dogs participating in agility training and competition events

Abstract: These findings provided a basis for further experimental studies to identify specific mechanisms of various types of injury in dogs that participate in agility activities.

Cited by 61 publications

References 27 publications

The magnitude of muscular activation of four canine forelimb muscles in dogs performing two agility-specific tasks

The magnitude of muscular activation of four canine forelimb muscles in dogs performing two agility-specific tasks

Supraspinatus Tendinopathy in 327 Dogs: A Retrospective Study

Clinical Evaluation of Iliopsoas Strain with Findings from Diagnostic Musculoskeletal Ultrasound in Agility Performance Canines – 73 Cases

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