Internet of Things: A Review on Technologies, Architecture, Challenges, Applications, Future Trends

Abstract

Abstract-World Wide Web (1990"s) and Mobile Internet (the 2000"s) had consequential corroborated the way how people communicate. However, with evolution in technology, the cataclysm of Internet has stepped into a new phase-Internet of Things. Internet of Things, a prominent paradigm in the field of IT having a nominal intervention of humans allowing diverse things to communicate with each other, anticipate, sight, and perceive surroundings. IoT exploits RFID tags, NFC, sensors, smart bands, and wired or wireless communication technologies to build smart surroundings, smart Homes, quick-witted intelligence in medical care, ease of Transport, and more. This paper introduces IoT with emphasis on its driver technologies and system architecture. In addition to application layer protocols, we focus on identifying various issues and application areas of IoT as well as future research trends in the field of IoT. We have also highlighted how big data is associated with Internet of Things.

IoT’s Tiny Steps towards 5G: Telco’s Perspective

“…Telecom operators observe the technical challenges of IoT through systems, tools, devices, and platforms because their availability and integration complexity determines the opportunity to capture a share of the value that is generated by IoT implementation. Based on the literature review, it was found that the most commonly mentioned terms in this sense were related to: (1) ticketing system [201]; (2) monitoring: devices [199,[201][202][203][204]/services [199,201,202,205,206]/tools [207]/systems [11,12,199,201,205,206,[208][209][210]/ data [95,201]/framework [12,201]/solutions [20,205]/networks [211]/process [7]/activity [203,204,207]; (3) tracking technologies [4]/devices [204]/systems [204]/applications [11,210]/system [201]/services [202,205]; (4) [95,199]. This has led us to identify four activities, i.e., ticketing, monitoring, tracking, and managing/controlling, as new classification criteria of IoT applications.…”

“…Review paper [1,2,10,12, Technical paper [8, Research effectiveness [3][4][5][6][7]9,[11][12][13]29,52, (a) (b) Phase II included the analysis and comparison of papers related to the category of IoT in 5G service classification. Papers were first sorted according to the existing classification criteria of IoT applications in order to underline their deficiencies from telco's perspective.…”

“…The existing approaches to the classification of IoT applications are summarized in Table 2. IoT serves different user categories, including individuals, businesses, and society as a whole, and may span through a broad range of application domains [4,[10][11][12], such as transportation and logistics, healthcare, smart environment, personal and social, futuristic applications, food sustainability, smart living, smart manufacturing, smart energy, smart city, etc. These application domains are created to be human-centric, which means that they cover different domains of human life.…”

“…In this way, IoT brings almost limitless benefit's, which have the potential to radically change our daily life by saving time and resources while creating possibilities for growth and innovation [4]. IoT has disruptive potential in almost every application domain, which has created many challenges that need to be faced when implementing IoT-based solutions, such as prevailing over obstacles generated by the fragmentation of IoT, both in terms of application domains and in terms of technologies.…”

“…For example, Smart Buildings may either be considered as a standalone IoT application or as an element needed to form a Smart City application domain. IoT applications are usually classified according to spheres of human life [4,[10][11][12] or performance requirements [9,[13][14][15]. However, these classifications are not suitable for telecom operators which have to fulfil the performance requirements of particular IoT applications, since it is difficult to choose the most important one from a class containing a wide range of IoT applications.…”