Internet of Things for Sustainable Mining

2020

Smart Cities

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In this article, the results of experiments for the observation of Zenneck surface waves in sub GHz frequency range using dipole antennas are presented. Experiments are conducted over three different soils for communications distances of up to 1 m. This empirical analysis confirms the existence of Zenneck waves over the soil surface. Through the power delay profile (PDP) analysis, it has been shown that other subsurface components exhibit rapid decay as compared to the Zenneck waves. A potential application of the Zenneck waves for energy transmission in the area of decision agriculture is explored. Accordingly, a novel wireless through-the-soil power transfer application using Zenneck surface waves in electromagnetic (EM) based wireless underground communications is developed.

Section: Empirical Results and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This further confirms the difficulty of modeling the antenna problem. Radiation patterns vary with the variations of dipole antenna, hence affecting the directivity to the region near Θ c [62]. Critical Angle Figure 5.…”

Section: Lateral Wave (Lw) Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zenneck Waves in Decision Agriculture: An Empirical Verification and Application in EM-Based Underground Wireless Power Transfer

2020

Smart Cities

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“…In [187,188], authors perform a three-step theoretical analysis and propose a mathematical model for estimating the amount of power generated by an underground vibration energy harvester, buried at some depth (d h ), in response to the amount of vibration generated by the above-ground vibrating object. First, they formulate the intensity of vibration generated.…”

Section: Vibration-based Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-Site and External Energy Harvesting in Underground Wireless

2020

Electronics

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Energy efficiency is vital for uninterrupted long-term operation of wireless underground communication nodes in the field of decision agriculture. In this paper, energy harvesting and wireless power transfer techniques are discussed with applications in underground wireless communications (UWC). Various external wireless power transfer techniques are explored. Moreover, key energy harvesting technologies are presented that utilize available energy sources in the field such as vibration, solar, and wind. In this regard, the Electromagnetic (EM)- and Magnetic Induction (MI)-based approaches are explained. Furthermore, the vibration-based energy harvesting models are reviewed as well. These energy harvesting approaches lead to design of an efficient wireless underground communication system to power underground nodes for prolonged field operation in decision agriculture.

“…Adjusting depth can significantly extend the communication range with using high power transceiver. This has been discussed in [34,62] and it has been said that there are some design constraints in WUC which cannot be violated. For example, in crop irrigation, nodes must be below the topsoil region where plowing happens.…”

Section: Limitations Of Over-the-air Wireless In Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although UG2UG communication has been investigated a lot in the existing literature, however, there is still a gap in literature for detailed UG2UG communication channel characterization in subsurface soil region. Only few studies [15,31,34,62] have performed theoretical and empirical analyses of UG2UG communication link. Therefore, a detailed characterization of UG2UG communication channel is presented in the coming sections.…”

Section: Types Of Wireless Underground Channelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Survey on Subsurface Signal Propagation

2020

Smart Cities

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Wireless Underground Communication (WUC) is an emerging field that is being developed continuously. It provides secure mechanism of deploying nodes underground which shields them from any outside temperament or harsh weather conditions. This paper works towards introducing WUC and give a detail overview of WUC. It discusses system architecture of WUC along with the anatomy of the underground sensor motes deployed in WUC systems. It also compares Over-the-Air and Underground and highlights the major differences between the both type of channels. Since, UG communication is an evolving field, this paper also presents the evolution of the field along with the components and example UG wireless communication systems. Finally, the current research challenges of the system are presented for further improvement of the WUCs.