Internet of Things (IoT) Security Intelligence: A Comprehensive Overview, Machine Learning Solutions and Research Directions

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the most widely used technologies today, and it has a significant effect on our lives in a variety of ways, including social, commercial, and economic aspects. In terms of automation, productivity, and comfort for consumers across a wide range of application areas, from education to smart cities, the present and future IoT technologies hold great promise for improving the overall quality of human life. However, cyber-attacks and threats greatly affect smart applications in the environment of IoT. The traditional IoT security techniques are insufficient with the recent security challenges considering the advanced booming of different kinds of attacks and threats. Utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) expertise, especially machine and deep learning solutions, is the key to delivering a dynamically enhanced and up-to-date security system for the next-generation IoT system. Throughout this article, we present a comprehensive picture on IoT security intelligence, which is built on machine and deep learning technologies that extract insights from raw data to intelligently protect IoT devices against a variety of cyber-attacks. Finally, based on our study, we highlight the associated research issues and future directions within the scope of our study. Overall, this article aspires to serve as a reference point and guide, particularly from a technical standpoint, for cybersecurity experts and researchers working in the context of IoT.

Fusion of IoT, AI, Edge–Fog–Cloud, and Blockchain: Challenges, Solutions, and a Case Study in Healthcare and Medicine

“…-Security/Privacy: The field of IoT security/privacy is incredibly vast in its size and scope as IoT comprises many devices and heterogeneous network systems in a multi-vendor environment with their own unique features and vulnerabilities. Typically, edge systems are prone to many attacks, such as jamming attacks, DDoS attacks, side-channel attacks, malware injection attacks, authentication, and authorization attacks, mainly due to their resource-constrained hardware and software heterogeneities [75], [76]. Incorporating AI brings significant advantages [77], [78], [79], [80], [81], [82]: 1) AI Inference on the edge can significantly eliminate the need for data transmission between edge and cloud, resulting in higher data locality.…”

Smart City Data Science: Towards Data-Driven Smart Cities with Open Research Issues

“…as well. Furthermore, smart cities or surroundings are increasingly vulnerable to various cyber-attacks or threats, like malware, denial-of-services, social engineering, zero-day attacks, and so on, as a result of technological advancement [5]. Thus, the concept of "Data-Driven Smart Cities" could be an effective solution to manage and optimize the city resources and provide smart services and security.…”

“…• Internet of Things (IoT): City data is collected and analyzed using IoT devices such as Internet-connected devices, sensors, lights, meters, and so on. The data is then used by the cities to improve infrastructure, public utilities, services, and other aspects of their operations [5].…”

“…• Cybersecurity: Due to technological advancement, smart cities are increasingly facing various cyber-attacks or threats. Thus the term cybersecurity is a concern, which is the practice of protecting critical systems and sensitive information from digital attacks, where data science modeling could be an effective solution [5].…”

“…For instance, several security issues include illegal access to information, anomalies or attacks such as malware, botnet, denial-of-service (DoS), distributed denial-of-service (DDoS), social engineering, zero-day attacks, etc. [5] are considered as serious concerns about risks in the growth of smart environments and may cause disruptions in such smart services. Thus, to realize the ideal concept of a smart city, the cyber-threats and corresponding security policies are also needed to take into account for building smart cities.…”