Internet of Things Platform for Energy Management in Multi-Microgrid System to Improve Neutral Current Compensation

Moghimi, Mojtaba; Liu, Jiannan; Jamborsalamati, Pouya; Rafi, Fida Hasan Md; Rahman, M. S.; Hossain, M. J.; Stegen, Sascha; Lu, Junwei

doi:10.3390/en11113102

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Energy awareness between different units of a multi-microgrid (MMG) system improves NCC performance by using properly designed communication structures. In [23], a two-level communication system (consisting of MODBUS-TCP/IP and MQTT) is proposed and evaluated for this application. In this study, the MMG modeling was conducted in PSCAD software and experimental validation was not included on the control side.…”

Section: Review Of Related Publicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Communication Infrastructure for Grid-Connected AC Microgrids Management

et al. 2021

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In a context with an increasing number of non-traditional power sources, smart inverters function as the main interfaces between distributed energy resources (DERs) and the power bus. This role is even more prominent in microgrids (MGs), where numerous DERs must be controlled and coordinated. For this aim, MGs need to implement suitable communication links since, even in distributed control, the system must compensate voltage and frequency deviations caused by local controllers. Likewise, a communication system is required to optimize its operation. This paper aims to apply the technological advances brought by the Internet of Things (IoT) to the issue of communication within an MG. The work proposes a wireless communication architecture based on the message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol, accompanied by a set of requirements and specifications to establish a multi-directional information flow between DERs in an MG, and potential energy management system (EMS) or secondary controllers. A laboratory-scale testbed was implemented to demonstrate the operation of an EMS in the proposed architecture. The experimental results showed how current control structures seamlessly integrate with the proposed communication system. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that communication latencies or failures did not comprise the stability of the MG, but only decreased the optimality of the EMS control strategy.

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Section: Review Of Related Publicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Communication Infrastructure for Grid-Connected AC Microgrids Management

et al. 2021

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“…Distributed droop control with low bandwidth communication has high reliability, high redundancy, and meets the demand of distributed generation. Therefore, it has been widely used and tested in recent years [19]. In [20], authors use voltage droop control to obtain the current reference value of each converter based on the reference power divided by voltage, thus achieving power allocation between converters.…”

Section: Distributed Soc Droop Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The energy storage medium is inconsistent with the state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage unit due to the process and external environmental factors and exhibits randomness. Considering the randomness and slow change of the state of charge of the energy storage unit in the distributed energy storage system, an improved SOC power exponential control strategy is adopted in the charging and discharging process of the energy storage unit to find the optimal droop curve to make the system fast [19][20][21][22][23][24][25] and then converge to equilibrium. When distributed energy storage is suitable for low-bandwidth communication, SOC power exponential droop control should be adopted to achieve fast and accurate distribution of load current.…”

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confidence: 99%

Bidirectional DC/DC and SOC Drooping Control for DC Microgrid Application

Zhang

Guo

2020

Electronics

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In DC microgrids, distributed energy storage plays a key role in stabilizing the DC bus voltage. The bidirectional DC/DC converter in the distributed energy storage system should be designed according to the voltage level and electromagnetic isolation requirements, and multiple energy storage units should be coordinated for load current distribution according to the state of charge (SOC). This paper proposes a SOC power index droop control strategy by communication lines to coordinate the fast and high-precision distribution of load current among multiple energy storage units, and the SOC between energy storage units quickly converges to a consistent state. Considering that communication lines are susceptible to interference, this paper further proposes an improved SOC power index droop control to overcome the effects of communication line failures. Considering the high cost of the energy storage unit, it should be connected to the DC microgrid in layers to achieve a reasonable allocation of resources in practical applications. In order to provide high-quality power to a large power grid, the quantification standards of the DC bus fluctuation range and the working range of each converter are further discussed to maximize the stability of the DC bus voltage and grid-connected power fluctuation.Keywords: bidirectional DC/DC converter; DC microgrid; distributed energy storage; SOC (state of charge) droop control IntroductionDistributed energy storage is the key issue to solve the issue of grid-connected renewable energy generation. For example, it can improve the ability of the grid to accept wind and photovoltaic (PV) power [1-3]. A typical DC microgrid structure is mainly composed of a distributed generation unit, an energy storage unit, a load cell, and a grid-connected converter [4][5][6], as shown in Figure 1. DC microgrid research focuses on stabilizing the DC bus voltage to ensure the power balance of the system. To stabilize bus voltage fluctuations and solve energy supply volatility issues, adding energy storage devices can improve the device's voltage sag and the inrush issues caused by load-switching, changes in natural conditions, and instantaneous faults in DC microgrid systems; this improves the reliability and scheduling flexibility of the distributed generation grid connection. Using low bandwidth communication control reduces the long-distance stability and DC microgrid distribution of the system due to network delay packet loss and other issues. To avoid the risk caused by long-distance communication control, each unit is divided into three control layers according to the normalized voltage of DC bus and coordinated control of various units [7]. Compared with the two-level converter, the three-level converter has only half of the switches to change state peer cycle, and the voltage stress on the switch is only half of the bus voltage [8,9].

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“…The IoT has various options for storing data records in the cloud, such as ThingSpeak [50,[71][72][73] and MQTT [74][75][76][77]. In their free version, both platforms store data records every 15 s. However, for shorter time intervals, it is necessary to purchase a standard commercial license.…”

Section: Cloud Data Uploadingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and Calibration of an Open Source, Low-Cost Power Smart Meter Prototype for PV Household-Prosumers

et al. 2019

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Smart meter roll-out in photovoltaic (PV) household-prosumers provides easy access to granular meter measurements, which enables advanced energy services. The design of these services is based on the training and validation of models. However, this requires temporal high-resolution data for generation/load profiles collected in real-world household facilities. For this purpose, this research developed and successfully calibrated a new prototype for an accurate low-cost On-time Single-Phase Power Smart Meter (OSPPSM), which corresponded to these profiles. This OSPPSM is based on the Arduino open-source electronic platform. Not only can it locally store information, but can also wirelessly send these data to cloud storage in real-time. This paper describes the hardware and software design and its implementation. The experimental results are presented and discussed. The OSPPSM demonstrated that it was capable of in situ real-time processing. Moreover, the OSPPSM was able to meet all of the calibration standard tests in terms of accuracy class 1 (measurement error ≤1%) included in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards for smart meters. In addition, the evaluation of the uncertainty of electrical variables is provided within the context of the law of propagation of uncertainty. The approximate cost of the prototype was 60 € from eBay stores.

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Internet of Things Platform for Energy Management in Multi-Microgrid System to Improve Neutral Current Compensation

Cited by 14 publications

References 20 publications

Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Communication Infrastructure for Grid-Connected AC Microgrids Management

Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Communication Infrastructure for Grid-Connected AC Microgrids Management

Bidirectional DC/DC and SOC Drooping Control for DC Microgrid Application

Development and Calibration of an Open Source, Low-Cost Power Smart Meter Prototype for PV Household-Prosumers

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