Internet Paradox Revisited

Abstract

Kraut et al. (1998) reported negative effects of using the Internet on social involvement and psychological well‐being among new Internet users in 1995–96. We called the effects a “paradox” because participants used the Internet heavily for communication, which generally has positive effects. A 3‐year follow‐up of 208 of these respondents found that negative effects dissipated. We also report findings from a longitudinal survey in 1998–99 of 406 new computer and television purchasers. This sample generally experienced positive effects of using the Internet on communication, social involvement, and well‐being. However, consistent with a “rich get richer” model, using the Internet predicted better outcomes for extraverts and those with more social support but worse outcomes for introverts and those with less support.

Non-Occupational Sitting and Mental Well-Being in Employed Adults

“…However, this hypothesis is not supported by evidence indicating that computer use can lead to improved social networks and communication [18]. Thus, it may be that it is the purpose of the behaviour or the motivation to engage in it that is key in determining the relationship with psychological health, rather than the duration of participation.…”

“…GHQ-12, General Health Questionnaire. Model 1 adjusted for age (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39), 40-54, 55+ years). Model 2 additionally adjusted for marital status (single, partner noncohabiting, partner cohabiting, separated/divorced, widowed), education (no qualifications, GCSE/other, A-level/degree), household income (unknown / prefer not to say,…”

“…However, one study of disadvantaged Australian women [17] reported that self-reported total sitting time, in addition to computer time and screen-time, was adversely associated with the risk of depression. However, some research has highlighted that not all sedentary behaviours may have the same type of association with mental health, with evidence for better mental health from computer / internet use [18]. The mechanisms through which sedentary behaviours may impact upon mental health are not well understood.…”

Surfing New Territory: Club-Drug Use and Risky Sex Among Hispanic Men Who Have Sex with Men Recruited on the Internet

“…Furthermore, there is evidence suggesting that heavy use of the Internet may weaken social connections which in turn could lead to increased feelings of social isolation and depression. 36,37 These men may be seeking sexual partners and using club drugs to help alleviate these feelings.…”

The effect of social network sites on adolescents' social and academic development: Current theories and controversies

“…For example, a longitudinal follow-up to the original HomeNet study found no long-term effects of Internet use on loneliness or depression (Kraut et al, 2002). Valkenburg, Peter, and Schouten (2006) note a major shortcoming of previous Internet research.…”