Interparticipant synchronization in real-time multimedia conferencing using feedback

Multimedia group and inter-stream synchronization techniques: A comparative study

“…Moreover, the source could send empty MDUs, instead of skipping, when the generation rate is lower than the transmission rate [101]. When we consider stored contents [25], the source can advance the transmission timing dynamically depending on the network delay estimation (made by both the source and/or the receivers).…”

Dejittering in the transport of MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 video

“…2. Section 3 describes the proposed dejittering scheme, which is a modified special case of the algorithm presented in [10]. In Sect.…”

“…The MPEG standards assume a constant network delay when the multimedia information is transported. However, since it is difficult, if not impossible, to maintain a constant network delay, it is the function of the synchronization and dejittering algorithms to re-adjust the timing relationship between multimedia packets from the same or several media streams to assure a synchronized playback of information [3,[8][9][10][17][18][19][20].…”

Investigation and modeling of traffic issues in immersive audio environments

“…We consider the use of GPS timing to be unnecessary and somewhat excessive for the application considered herein. Zarros, Lee and Saadawi [8] examine the question of interparticipant synchronization without the use of a global timing mechanism. The analysis presented there focuses on synchronization of streams at the playout point and is measurement intensive in that it requires measurements of the maximum and minimum jitter for each source as well as determination of a so-called reference time.…”