Significant consumption of antibiotics
has generated multidrug
resistance in bacteria, which is a major menace to human beings. Antibacterial
photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a progressing technique for inhibition
of bacterial infection with minimal side effects. Metals and delivering
agents play a major role in aPDT efficiency. Herein, we report a formulation
to enrich the antibacterial photodynamic therapy utilizing metallocatanionic
vesicles (MCVs) against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
These MCVs were synthesized by utilizing iron-based double-chain metallosurfactant
[FeCPC(II)] as a cationic surfactant and AOT, a double-chain anionic
surfactant. These synthesized MCV fractions were characterized by
distinct techniques like DLS, zeta potential, FE-SEM, confocal microscopy,
SAXS, and UV–Visible spectroscopy. Polyhedral-shaped MCVs with
a size of 200 nm were formed, wherein the charge and size of the catanionic
vesicle can be controlled by varying the mixing ratios. Both Gram-positive
bacteria, i.e., methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA), and Gram-negative bacteria, i.e., Escherichia coli (E. coli), were used for aPDT using
Rose Bengal (RB) as a photosensitizer (PS) encapsulated in MCVs in
the presence of a 532 nm wavelength laser. The aPDT against bacterial
cells was evaluated for both dark and light toxicities. Pure MCVs
also exhibited good antibacterial properties; however, much enhancement
was observed in the presence of RB encapsulated in MCVs under light,
where eradication of bacteria (E. coli and MRSA) was achieved in 30 min. The observations demonstrated
that it is the presence of metal that enhances the singlet oxygen
quantum yield of RB and MCVs help in retarding self-quenching and
enhanced solubilization of RB. The cationic surfactant-rich fraction
shows strong adhesion toward bacteria via electrostatic interactions.
The outcome of this research shows that these newly fabricated metal-based
metallocatanionic vesicles were effective against both Gram-positive
and Gram-negative bacteria using aPDT and must be exploited for clinical
applications as well as an alternative for antibiotics in the future.