Interplay of early-life nutritional programming on obesity, inflammation and epigenetic outcomes

Abstract

The huge health burden accompanying obesity is not only attributable to inadequate dietary and sedentary lifestyle habits, since a predisposing genetic make-up and other putative determinants concerning easier weight gain and fat deposition have been reported. Thus, several investigations aiming to understand energy metabolism and body composition maintenance have been performed considering the participation of perinatal nutritional programming and epigenetic processes as well as inflammation phenomena. The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis and inheritance-oriented investigations concerning gene-nutrient interactions on energy homoeostasis and metabolic functions have suggested that inflammation could be not only a comorbidity of obesity but also a cause. There are several examples about the role of nutritional interventions in pregnancy and lactation, such as energetic deprivation, protein restriction and excess fat, which determine a cluster of disorders affecting energy efficiency in the offspring as well as different metabolic pathways, which are mediated by epigenetics encompassing the chromatin information encrypted by DNA methylation patterns, histone covalent modifications and non-coding RNA or microRNA. Epigenetic mechanisms may be boosted or impaired by dietary and environmental factors in the mother, intergenerationally or transiently transmitted, and could be involved in the obesity and inflammation susceptibility in the offspring. The aims currently pursued are the early identification of epigenetic biomarkers concerned in individual's disease susceptibility and the description of protocols for tailored dietary treatments/advice to counterbalance adverse epigenomic events. These approaches will allow diagnosis and prognosis implementation and facilitate therapeutic strategies in a personalised 'epigenomically modelled' manner to combat obesity and inflammation.

Pediatric Obesity-Related Asthma: The Role of Metabolic Dysregulation

“…Epigenetic differences have been identified in context of both obesity 139,140 and asthma 141,142 compared with healthy controls. Among obese children, differences in DNA methylation, an epigenetic regulatory mechanism, were identified at 5 sites at the FTO gene, variants of which are strongly associated with obesity.…”

Dietary factors, epigenetic modifications and obesity outcomes: Progresses and perspectives

“…Established DNA methylation patterns are not immutable and can be modified during our lifetime by the environment Martinez et al, 2012). However, it is well established that organ-specific DNA methylation patterns are established through epigenetic reprogramming during the fetal period and this is the period in which dietary and environmental factors play a major role.…”

“…Additionally, as obesity is a complex disease that usually appears as a polygenic condition affected by environmental factors (mainly unbalanced dietary patterns and physical inactivity), it is the combination of genotype and epigenotype that will best assist to reveal diet associations with susceptibility to obesity and other related disorders (Martinez et al, 2012). …”

What obesity research tells us about epigenetic mechanisms

“…However, if an individual is programmed in this way owing to an abnormal shortage of food (such as famine) or exposure to a chemical that mimics the famine programming, signals continue in a time of abundant food supply, and the mismatch could lead to obesity. As well as altered systemic metabolism, affecting glucose and lipid homeostasis, the programming of appetite and reward pathways in the brain [7], adipogenesis [100][101][102] and inflammation [103] are thought to be important programmed processes relevant to adult obesity.…”