“…Drosophila melanogaster is an acceptable model for understanding the human condition under stress of toxicants because of the abundance of highly conserved genes and pathways controlling development, stress response and xenobiotic metabolism across these two divergent species (Mackay & Anholt, 2006;Misra, Horner, Lam, & Thummel, 2011;Sykiotis & Bohmann, 2010). A number of studies have been conducted on Drosophila model using priority environmental contaminants and toxicants including mercury (Rand, Dao, & Clason, 2009), lead (Hirsch et al, 2003), arsenic (Ortiz, Opoka, Kane, & Cartwright, 2009), fluoride (Dutta, Rajak, Khatun, & Roy, 2017;Khatun, Mandi, Rajak, & Roy, 2018), manganese (Bonilla et al, 2012), ethanol (Guarnieri & Heberlein, 2003), nanoparticles (Posgai et al, 2011), pesticides (Gupta et al, 2007;Das, Podder, & Roy, 2010;Chmiel, Daisley, Burton, & Reid, 2019), nanopesticides (Demir, 2020) and solvents (Wasserkort & Koller, 1997).…”