Interpopulational variation and ontogenetic shift in the venom composition of Lataste's viper (Vipera latastei, Boscá 1878) from northern Portugal

Venomics and Peptidomics of Palearctic vipers: Clade-wide analysis of seven taxa of the generaVipera,Montivipera,MacroviperaandDaboiaacross Türkiye

“…It should be emphasized that Macrovipera has the largest DI amount of the four genera with a consistently high content of 11-16%, independently to the DI subfamily composition. Although the expected monomeric, KTS sequence containing short DI obtustatin was originally characterized as high abundant toxin of M. l. obtusa (unreported local origin) with 7% of the whole venom proteome, no short nor monomeric DI has been described until now for any Turkish and Iranian Macrovipera venom 129,131 , while several R/KTS DI are even known from other Viperidae venoms, including recently Vipera 114,132 . Similarly, the venoms of another Turkish M. l. obtusa location and an Iranian M. l. cernovi lack small DI, while the Russian and Armenian M. l. obtusa contain them 129 .…”

“…Especially the taxonomically complex Vipera genus has several taxa with nearly no knowledge about bite consequences and their venom composition and pathophysiology 9,18 . Their venom composition shows only a few rough trends of toxin family distribution as previously reviewed, whereby this complex picture has been further underpinned by more recent studies 16,113,114 .…”

Comparative venom analysis between melanistic and normally-colored phenotypes of the common adder (Vipera berus)

“…In relation to this extreme compositional variation across the sampling sites in previous studies, the venom variation we observed by SDS-PAGE and RP-HPLC was marginal and only affected the abundance of certain fractions rather than their overall diversity. Also, recent studies in related species of the subfamily Viperinae suggest ontogenetic shifts, diet and environmental conditions as important drivers of venom variation, which are certainly more dominant than phenotype dependencies (Adamude et al, 2023; Avella et al, 2023, 2022; Casewell et al, 2009; op den Brouw et al, 2021). Previous studies of intra-population venom variation in V. berus from Hungary revealed individual venom variation similar in magnitude to our observations, with quantitative as well as qualitative differences (Malina et al, 2017).…”

Proteomic Investigation of Cape Cobra (Naja nivea) Venom Reveals First Evidence of Quaternary Protein Structures

“…Cobras, both spitting and non-spitting, make up the majority of category 1 snakes due to their potent venom, aggression and, in some cases, their tendency to enter human settlements [ 6 ]. One of these cobras is the Cape Cobra, Naja nivea ( N. nivea ), a non-spitting cobra that is found largely in the Cape of South Africa [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. N. nivea envenomation is often fatal due to the rapid onset of respiratory paralysis, a symptom that can be attributed to the large number of small neurotoxins found in this venom [ 14 , 15 ].…”

“…In 2022, Tan et al [ 14 ]. published the first full venom proteome of N. nivea ; however, due to well-reported differences in venom proteomes within snakes of the same species, it is important to continue efforts to characterise N. nivea venom to gain a more thorough understanding of its proteome [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Contrary to the approach by Tan et al [ 14 ], we utilized an in-gel digestion approach in preference to in solution in order to increase the coverage of our proteomic analysis.…”