Interpretation of Coloring Materials Recorded in Ceremonial Writing of the Hanging Painting of Chiljangsa Temple (Five Buddhas)

Raman spectroscopy of yellow organic pigments of large Korean Buddhist paintings from the late Joseon dynasty (17th–19th centuries)

“…In addition, microscopic analysis revealed a yellow film without particulate matter on the base material (Figure 4A). In most cases, Pb was detected, implying that the ancient Korean Pb‐based synthetic pigments litharge or massicot could have been used; however, litharge has not been detected in large Buddhist paintings 4,36–38 . The microscopic images reveal white particles or a white layer under the yellow layer (Figure 4B,C); thus, white inorganic pigments were likely mixed before use, which is consistent with the results of the p‐XRF analysis.…”

“…F I G U R E 3 Microscopic images of inorganic pigments with observed yellow chromophoric elements: (A) gold, (B) orpiment, and (C) orpiment and white pigments could have been used; however, litharge has not been detected in large Buddhist paintings. 4,[36][37][38] The microscopic images reveal white particles or a white layer under the yellow layer (Figure 4B,C); thus, white inorganic pigments were likely mixed use, which is consistent with the results of the p-XRF analysis. Pb originates from lead white, a white inorganic pigment that was likely mixed with yellow organic pigments.…”

“…Approximately 120 large Joseon‐era Buddhist paintings remain; however, their special use makes them difficult to access. Such paintings are typically rolled up and stored in wooden boxes (Gwaes) and displayed only for specific purposes, such as grand outdoor Buddhist ceremonies 4 …”

“…Such paintings are typically rolled up and stored in wooden boxes (Gwaes) and displayed only for specific purposes, such as grand outdoor Buddhist ceremonies. 4 Traditional Korean paintings primarily use white, red, yellow, blue, green, and black inorganic pigments and organic dyes. Yellow has a particular religious or philosophical significance and is often used in ancient religious ceremonies.…”

Degradation of Lead-based Pigments by Atmospheric Environment

“…우리나라는 조선시대 초상화, 사찰 내 괘불탱 및 벽화 등과 같은 회화류, 목조 건축물의 단청 등 다양한 채색 문화재에서 연백, 연단, 밀타승 등 납계열 안료의 사용이 확인되고 있다 (Jang et al, 2010;Lee et al, 2012;Lee et al, 2019;Lee et al, 2020;Song and Kim, 2014;Yun and Chang, 2016). 특히 연백, 연단의 경우 현존하는 채색문 화재에 안정적으로 남아 있는 경우가 많으나 색 변화 현 상이 두드러지게 확인되면서 환경에 따른 변색 연구에 대한 연구가 보고된 바 있다 (Kim 2013;Lee et al, 2018;Hwang, I.S., 2004) Step 1 (dark cycle) 0 3 5 9 5 1 0…”