Interpretation of Urine Results Used to Assess Chemical Exposure With Emphasis on Creatinine Adjustments: A Review

Boeniger, Mark F.; Lowry, Larry K.; Rosenberg, Jon

doi:10.1080/15298669391355134

Cited by 555 publications

(266 citation statements)

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“…However, it has been argued due to intra-and interindividual variations in the excretion of creatinine (Boeninger et al, 1993;Hines et al, 2003). In addition, creatinine adjustment for urinary 1-OHP concentration were controversial, since some studies showed little effect of creatinine adjustment on the relationship between airborne pyrene and urinary 1-OHP (Levin et al, 1995;Kuljukka et al, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among those, creatinine adjustment has been commonly used to correct urine dilution by dividing 1-OHP concentrations by urinary creatinine concentrations using similar concentration units. Creatinine excretion, however, also varies with many factors such as intake of meat, diurnal variation, age, gender, and other factors (Boeninger et al, 1993;Barr et al, 2005). The creatinine adjustment method, therefore, is still controversial as to whether it actually reduces the measurement variability due to urine dilution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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1-Hydroxypyrene concentrations in first morning voids and 24-h composite urine: intra- and inter-individual comparisons

Han¹,

Duan

Zhang³

et al. 2007

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) has been suggested as an exposure biomarker for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, it remains unknown whether a first morning urine sample can be used to reflect average exposure. In this paper, we examine intra-individual differences and interindividual associations between first morning voids and 24-h composite urine samples. The analysis was performed using data collected from 100 adults who had a wide range of PAH exposure due to differences in their occupation, e.g., coke oven workers vs. non-coke oven workers. For each subject, all the urine voids within each of two 24-h measurement periods were collected. Results showed a significant (40% to 62%) intra-individual difference between first morning voids and 24-h urinary 1-OHP concentrations (in ng/ml urine). Creatinine adjustments of 1-OHP concentrations (in mmol/mol urinary creatinine) reduced the intra-individual difference by approximately 10%. Across all the subjects, a high overall correlation (r ¼ 0.76) was observed between first morning and 24-h average 1-OHP concentrations. Work environment and sampling season were found to significantly affect the relationship between first morning and 24-h 1-OHP concentrations. An increase of 1 ng/ml of first morning urinary 1-OHP predicted an increase of 0.5 and 0.25 ng/ml of 24-h urinary 1-OHP for coke oven workers and non-coke oven workers, respectively. Data collected in a winter season showed a higher correlation between first morning and 24-h concentrations than data collected in a fall season. Creatinine adjustments did not significantly improve overall correlations between first morning void and 24-h measurements, but increased total variances for 24-h urines explained by first morning urines in coke workers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

1-Hydroxypyrene concentrations in first morning voids and 24-h composite urine: intra- and inter-individual comparisons

Han¹,

Duan

Zhang³

et al. 2007

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…For MEAA, its concentration in urine and that adjusted for creatinine show statistically similar results for the high, moderate, and low (control) exposure categories. This was not an unexpected result; the use of creatinine to normalize urinary analyte concentrations has been extensively reported to not necessarily improve correlation of dose to exposure for other urinary components (Allessio et al 1985;Boeniger et al 1993;Carrieri et al 2001). Gaines et al (2010) suggested the use of urine specific gravity for biomarker normalization as an alternative to creatinine.…”

Section: Author Manuscript Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 91%

Evaluation and Comparison of Urinary Metabolic Biomarkers of Exposure for the Jet Fuel JP-8

B’Hymer

Krieg²,

Cheever³

et al. 2012

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

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A study of workers exposed to jet fuel propellant 8 (JP-8) was conducted at U.S. Air Force bases and included the evaluation of three biomarkers of exposure: S-benzylmercapturic acid (BMA), Sphenylmercapturic acid (PMA), and (2-methoxyethoxy)acetic acid (MEAA). Postshift urine specimens were collected from various personnel categorized as high (n = 98), moderate (n = 38) and low (n = 61) JP-8 exposure based on work activities. BMA and PMA urinary levels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/ MS), and MEAA urinary levels were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The numbers of samples determined as positive for the presence of the BMA biomarker (above the test method's limit of detection [LOD = 0.5 ng/ml]) were 96 (98.0%), 37 (97.4%), and 58 (95.1%) for the high, moderate, and low (control) exposure workgroup categories, respectively. The numbers of samples determined as positive for the presence of the PMA biomarker (LOD = 0.5 ng/ml) were 33 (33.7%), 9 (23.7%), and 12 (19.7%) for the high, moderate, and low exposure categories. The numbers of samples determined as positive for the presence of the MEAA biomarker (LOD = 0.1 μg/ml) were 92 (93.4%), 13 (34.2%), and 2 (3.3%) for the high, moderate, and low exposure categories. Statistical analysis of the mean levels of the analytes demonstrated MEAA to be the most accurate or appropriate biomarker for JP-8 exposure using urinary concentrations either adjusted or not adjusted for creatinine; mean levels of BMA and PMA were not statistically significant between workgroup categories after adjusting for creatinine.Biomarkers of exposure are important tools for use in exposure assessment and toxicological research. As the term implies, biomarkers of exposure are those related to exposure and the internal levels of some agent or chemical. A well-chosen biomarker of exposure should have several qualities. Primarily, the biomarker should be specific for the exposure of interest; some metabolites are common to multiple parent chemical substances and therefore may not be suitably specific biomarkers. Second, the biomarker needs to be associated with the et al. 2003). The fuel is formulated to meet military performance specifications, and therefore, the overall chemical composition varies from batch to batch with the exception of an anti-icing component (NRC 2003). With the many constituent chemicals present at varying concentrations, the best or most accurate biomarker for JP-8 exposure has not been extensively addressed in the literature, and this was the main objective of the current study. Three potential biomarkers of JP-8 exposure were compared since a previous study had investigated only one of these potential biomarkers (B'Hymer et al. 2012). HHS Public AccessThe specifications for JP-8 include a maximum olefin content of 5%, a maximum aromatic content of 22%, and a maximum sulfur content of 0.3%. On average, the composition is approximately 33-61% alkanes, 10-45% cycloalkanes, 12-22%...

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“…The urinary biomarkers were calculated as uncorrected values and for both specific gravity and creatinine adjusted values. For specific gravity adjustment the average density of 1.016 was used (Boeniger et al 1993). …”

Section: Statisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers of exposure in Monday morning urine samples as a long-term measure of exposure to aromatic diisocyanates

Tinnerberg

Broberg

Lindh

et al. 2013

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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Interpretation of Urine Results Used to Assess Chemical Exposure With Emphasis on Creatinine Adjustments: A Review

Cited by 555 publications

References 0 publications

1-Hydroxypyrene concentrations in first morning voids and 24-h composite urine: intra- and inter-individual comparisons

1-Hydroxypyrene concentrations in first morning voids and 24-h composite urine: intra- and inter-individual comparisons

Evaluation and Comparison of Urinary Metabolic Biomarkers of Exposure for the Jet Fuel JP-8

Biomarkers of exposure in Monday morning urine samples as a long-term measure of exposure to aromatic diisocyanates

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