Conflict arises when surgeons and anesthesiologists disagree about goals of care in perioperative settings. Collaboration is essential for safe, efficient, and effective care. Drawing on 2 pediatric cases that highlight risks of anesthetic exposure, this article examines the influence of surgical training on outcomes, barriers to collaboration, and anesthesiologists' ethical obligations to educate surgeons and parents about anesthesiainduced neurotoxicity risks. The article also discusses how to align surgical and anesthetic practice during surgeries with prolonged anesthetic use. To claim one AMA PRA Category 1 Credit TM for the CME activity associated with this article, you must do the following: (1) read this article in its entirety, (2) answer at least 80 percent of the quiz questions correctly, and (3) complete an evaluation. The quiz, evaluation, and form for claiming AMA PRA Category 1 Credit TM are available through the AMA Ed Hub TM. Cases Case 1. A 14-month-old presents with severe hydronephrosis from ureteropelvic junction obstruction. The parents are offered a novel, minimally invasive surgery-robotic-assisted pyeloplasty. The surgeon describes potential benefits, such as decreased pain, improved cosmesis, and shorter hospital stay, but does not discuss standard operative times for this procedure. Barriers to Anesthesiologist-Surgeon Collaboration Anesthesiologists are consultants who specialize in pain management and maintenance of physiologic homeostasis during invasive procedures. Key to this role is collaboration with colleagues in numerous specialties to establish and achieve treatment goals. Siloed approach to practice. Although emphasizing shared clinical responsibility results in increased safety, efficacy, and efficiency of patient care, 5 historically, each specialty adopted a "soloist" approach to expert care. 6 There was little communication between surgeons and anesthesiologists regarding best