Interrelationship and Sequencing of Interleukins4, 13, 31, and 33 – An Integrated Systematic Review: Dermatological and Multidisciplinary Perspectives

Abstract

The interrelations and sequencing of interleukins are complex (inter)actions where each interleukin can stimulate the secretion of its preceding interleukin. In this paper, we attempt to summarize the currently known roles of IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, and IL-33 from a multi-disciplinary perspective. In order to conduct a comprehensive review of the current literature, a search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, Medscape, UpToDate, and Key Elsevier for keywords. The results were compiled from case reports, case series, letters, and literature review papers, and analyzed by a panel of multi-disciplinary specialist physicians for relevance. Based on 173 results, we compiled the following review of interleukin signaling and its clinical significance across a multitude of medical specialties. Interleukins are at the bed rock of a multitude of pathologies across different organ systems and understanding their role will likely lead to novel treatments and better outcomes for our patients. New interleukins are being described, and the role of this inflammatory cascade is still coming to light. We hope this multi-discipline review on the role interleukins play in current pathology assists in this scope.

Surgical Management of Perianal Giant Condyloma Acuminatum of Buschke and Löwenstein: Case Presentation

“…Prasad and Abcarian documented the neoplastic change in anal condyloma to 1.82%, with four cases exhibiting both histological and invasive characteristics, while only two cases displayed significant infiltration into nearby soft tissues without histological indications of malignancy [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. When squamous cell carcinoma occurs in the context of giant condyloma acuminata, management must be chosen by a multidisciplinary team, and there are some cases when only palliative measures can be offered [ 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”

Unusual Localization of AIDS-Related Kaposi’s Sarcoma in a Heterosexual Male during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Report

“…During the viral replicative phase, IL6 secretion increases, which can induce vascular endothelial growth factor and neoplastic proliferation [ 25 ]. Infections with HHV8 viruses are associated with a disturbance of the regulation of the expression of oncogenic and onco-suppressive genes, favored by immunosuppression and cellular activation during the evolution of HIV [ 9 , 26 ].…”

Pruritogenic Mediators and New Antipruritic Drugs in Atopic Dermatitis

“…A heterodimeric receptor complex made up of the oncostatin M receptor beta (OSMRβ) and the IL-31 receptor alpha (Il-31RA) is responsible for transmitting the IL-31 signal [ 135 ]. When the IL-31 receptor is activated, either directly or indirectly, at least four signaling pathways—AKT/PI3K, JAK-STAT, MAPK (ERK1/2, p38, JNK), and NF-kB—are activated in a cell-dependent manner [ 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 , 139 ]. IL-31 activity in keratinocytes is mostly regulated by STAT3 phosphorylation, while various IL-31RA isoforms may have an impact on this activity [ 136 ].…”

“…Studies have shown that IL-31 is overexpression in transgenic mice causes primary alopecia, severe pruritus, and peripheral lymphadenopathy independent of mast cells [ 135 ]. Upregulation of IL-31 has been shown to cause an atopic dermatitis-like phenotype in mouse models [ 137 ].…”