Interrelationships Between Post-TBI Employment and Substance Abuse: A Cross-lagged Structural Equation Modeling Analysis

The Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems National Database: A Review of Published Research

“…Altogether, 23 studies gathered information from additional sources. Additional information from other databases included relevant information from surveys, [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] hospital records, [25][26][27][28][29] death indices, [30][31][32][33] quality of life indices, 32,34,35 measures of neurocognition, 36,37 and national geographic information systems. 38 Moreover, external validation cohorts were collected.…”

“…Thirteen articles focused on specific outcome measures and had additional motivation for focusing on alternative or improved methodologies for data analysis These studies include the application of multi-variate Rasch analysis for Functional Independence Measure (FIM) subscales, as the subscales are correlated, 47 modifications on item-scoring in the Participation Assessment with Recombined Tools-Objective (PART-O) based on concerns in literature, 48 and the usage of propensity matching replacement technique for balancing baseline characteristics in patients having craniectomy and craniotomy. 45 In addition, usage of cross-lagged structural equation modeling was assessed for multiple temporally dependent and bidirectional relationships in the context of substance abuse and employment, 21 and FIM and mental health correlations. 49 Test-retest reliability analysis of outcome measures was performed by Bogner and colleagues.…”

“…Information was collected from surveys for cognitive assessments, 36,37 Internet usage, 24 resilience, 33,35 sleep quality, 34 and sexual satisfaction. 32 Other trauma registries, [18][19][20][21]23,30,38,39,57 hospital records, [25][26][27][28][29] death indices, 22,30,31 and inmate databases 22 were used to collect additional information. In some cases, studies used VA-TBIMS-specific variables including: PTSD variables 42,58 and the PTSD checklist-civilian (PCL-C), [59][60][61][62][63] deployment status at the time of injury, 42,60,64 the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI), 61 the Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory-4 (MPAI-4), 63 and blast injury.…”

“…14,18,20,23,27,28,[32][33][34]38,40,50,53,55,[57][58][59][60][61][62]64,[66][67][68][69][70][71] In addition, certain variable groups such as ''race'' were under-or over-representative of the U.S. population overall, therefore serving as a limitation to generalizability in results due to the unequal representation of groups within variables. 60 In many studies, cohorts were dichotomized into sub-cohorts based on specific thresholds 21,23,[28][29][30][31]34,37,41,45,55,60,61,68,69,72,73 ; therefore caution is required when applying these findings to a more general population.…”

“…3. Several studies focused on either recovery aspects or long-term outcomes of patients with TBI, whether it be regarding long-term employment 21,23,36,38,[42][43][44]57,60,68 or functional outcome measures. 27,28,45,49,52,66,81,82 As per the subsections ''Study focus and applications'' and ''Study outcomes'' of the ''Results'' section, there was more emphasis on usage of the follow-up data from 1 to 5 years.…”