Interrelationships between sex and ractopamine on protein and lipid deposition in rapidly growing pigs3

Dunshea, Frank R.; King, R. H.; Campbell, R. G.; Sainz, R. D.; Kim, Y. S.

doi:10.2527/1993.71112919x

Cited by 137 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…These findings are in line with recent studies reporting a tendency towards lower ADG for entire males reared in group compared to castrates (Dunshea et al, 2001;D'Souza and Mullan, 2002;Suster et al, 2006). Contrarily, some previous studies reported that entire male pigs had higher ADG and better FCR than castrates (Whittemore et al, 1988;Campbell et al, 1989;Dunshea et al, 1993). This might be surprising as the genetic growth potential was markedly improved in the last decade due to breeding efforts.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Performances, meat quality and boar taint of castrates and entire male pigs fed a standard and a raw potato starch-enriched diet

Pauly

Spring

O’Doherty

et al. 2008

Animal

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In Europe there is increasing concern about the common practice of surgical castration of piglets without anaesthesia. One possible alternative to completely avoid castration is entire male pig production. Thus, the objective of the study was to compare the growth performance, carcass characteristics, organ weights, meat quality traits, fat score and boar taint compounds in the adipose tissue of group-penned entire male pigs and castrates. Furthermore, the effect of raw potato starch (RPS) fed for 7 days prior to slaughter was determined. Pigs (n= 36) were blocked by BW into 12 blocks (3 littermates/block) and assigned to three experimental groups: surgical castrates (C); entire males (EM); and entire males offered RPS (30 g RPS/100 g diet) for 7 days prior to slaughter (EM+). Pigs hadad libitumaccess to the feed from 22 to 107 kg, individual feed intake was recorded daily and BW once a week. Entire males grew slower (EM: 771, EM+: 776v. C: 830 g/day;P< 0.01), consumed less feed (EM: 1.87, EM+: 1.89v. C: 2.23 kg/day;P< 0.01) and were more efficient (feed conversion ratio: EM: 2.42, EM+: 2.44v. C: 2.69 kg/kg;P< 0.01) than C. Compared to C, carcass dressing percentage was lower (EM: 79.4, EM+: 79.4v. C: 81.6%;P< 0.01) and percentage of valuable cuts was higher (EM: 57.3, EM+: 56.5v. 52.6%;P< 0.01) in entire males. The hearts (EM: 426, EM+: 425v. C: 378 g), kidneys (EM: 387, EM+: 378v. C: 311 g), bulbourethral (EM: 200, EM+: 195v. C: 7 g) and salivary glands (EM: 99, EM+: 94v. C: 42 g) were heavier (P< 0.001) in entire males than in C. Meat quality traits did not (P> 0.05) differ among experimental groups but the adipose tissue was more unsaturated in entire males than in C as indicated by the higher fat scores (EM: 69.1, EM+: 67.2v. C: 63.6;P< 0.01). Feeding RPS reduced (P= 0.04) the skatole tissue concentrations (expressed in μg/g lipid) in EM+ (0.22) compared to EM (0.85), whereas androstenone and indole levels were not (P⩾ 0.60) affected (EM: 1.7 and 0.10, EM+: 2.0 and 0.09, respectively). Although the current results confirmed the high efficiency of entire males compared to castrates, the observed high androstenone levels represent a major challenge to implement entire males production.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Performances, meat quality and boar taint of castrates and entire male pigs fed a standard and a raw potato starch-enriched diet

Pauly

Spring

O’Doherty

et al. 2008

Animal

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“…Os animais que recebem o aditivo e tem em suas dietas baixos níveis de aminoácidos podem apresentar menor desempenho quando comparados aos animais que sequer recebem a ractopamina. Isso pode ser explicado pelo fato de que a ractopamina pode diminuir o consumo de ração e, consequentemente, o consumo de aminoácidos, limitando assim o potencial de resposta do animal (SCHINCKEL et al, 2003 Resultado semelhante ao obtido neste estudo para ganho de peso foi obtido por DUNSHEA et al (1993), quando avaliaram a suplementação de 20ppm de ractopamina na dieta de suínos machos inteiros, castrados e fêmeas e verificaram que a inclusão de ractopamina na dieta promoveu aumento de 21 e 17% do ganho de peso nos suínos castrados e nas fêmeas, respectivamente, enquanto que o ganho de peso dos machos inteiros não foi alterado pela inclusão de ractopamina em relação à dieta controle. De acordo com os pesquisadores, uma hipótese para essa resposta pode ter sido a limitação proteica da dieta, uma vez que os machos inteiros apresentaram aumento de 15% na deposição diária de proteína na carcaça, enquanto que os machos castrados e as fêmeas apresentaram aumento superior a 40% na deposição proteica diária em função da inclusão de ractopamina na dieta.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

“…Contudo, não afeta a qualidade da carne suína em termos de cor, marmoreio, firmeza e pH (HERR et al, 2000). Vários estudos (DUNSHEA et al, 1993;UTTARO et al, 1993e WILLIAMS et al, 1994 têm avaliado o efeito da inclusão de ractopamina na dieta em função do sexo dos suínos. De uma maneira geral, constata-se que a ractopamina propicia respostas semelhantes em termos de taxa de crescimento, consumo de ração e deposição de tecido muscular na carcaça, tanto em machos castrados como em fêmeas (UTTARO et al, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…De uma maneira geral, constata-se que a ractopamina propicia respostas semelhantes em termos de taxa de crescimento, consumo de ração e deposição de tecido muscular na carcaça, tanto em machos castrados como em fêmeas (UTTARO et al, 1993). Por outro lado, quando se relaciona o desempenho de suínos machos inteiros, castrados e fêmeas, tem-se constatado que a ractopamina aumenta o ganho de peso nos machos castrados e nas fêmeas, mas não nos machos inteiros (DUNSHEA et al, 1993). Esses resultados podem indicar que, assim como os suínos machos inteiros, os machos imunocastrados podem não apresentar respostas à inclusão de ractopamina na dieta.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Ractopamina em dietas para suínos machos imunocastrados, castrados e fêmeas

Moraes¹,

Kiefer

Silva

2010

Cienc. Rural

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“…In pigs, as in many other domestic species, entire males are generally more muscular, less fat and more metabolically efficient than females or physical castrates (barrows; Dunshea et al, 1993). Despite these advantages, however, the traditional practice in most countries is to physically castrate male piglets early in life.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of immunization against GnRF on nutrient requirements of male pigs: a review

Dunshea

Allison

Bertram³

et al. 2013

Animal

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In most countries, male pigs are physically castrated soon after birth to reduce the risk of boar taint and to avoid behaviours such as fighting and mounting. However, entire male pigs are more feed efficient and deposit less fat than barrows. In addition, many animal welfare organizations are lobbying for a cessation of castration, with a likelihood that this could lead to inferior pork unless an alternative method is used to control boar taint. An alternative to physical castration is immunization against gonadotrophin releasing factor (GnRF) which allows producers to capitalize on the superior feed efficiency and carcass characteristics of boars without the risk of boar taint. From a physiological perspective, immunized pigs are entire males until shortly after the second dose, typically given 4 to 6 weeks before slaughter. Following full immunization, there is a temporary suppression of testicular function and a hormonal status that resembles that of a barrow. Nutrient requirements will be different in these two phases, before and after full immunization. Given that there have been few published studies comparing the lysine requirements of entire males and barrows in contemporary genotypes, it is useful to use gilt requirements as a benchmark. A series of meta-analyses comparing anti-GnRF immunized boars and physical castrates and use of nutritional models suggest that the lysine requirement of entire males before the second immunization is 5% higher than for gilts, from 25 to 50 kg BW, and by 8% from 50 to 95 kg. Given that the penalty in growth performance for having inadequate dietary lysine is greater in males than in gilts or barrows, it is important to ensure that lysine requirements are met to obtain the maximum benefits of entire male production during this phase. After the second immunization, the lysine requirement of immunized males decreases and may become more like that of barrows. In addition, a consistent effect of full immunization is a marked increase in voluntary feed intake from about 10 days after the second dose. Putting these together, the estimated lysine requirement, expressed in terms of diet composition, falls to 94% of the gilt level. Although general principles can be described now, further research is needed to fully define the lysine requirements of immunized boars. It is important that the temporal pattern of tissue deposition rates and feed intake be explored to be incorporated into models to predict nutrient requirements over the period of rapidly changing metabolism.Keywords: finishing pigs, growth, boars, nutritional requirements, immunological castration. ImplicationsMale pigs immunized against gonadotrophin releasing factor are physiologically entire males for most of their life and as such they should be fed as entire males at least up until the second immunization. Shortly after that time, testicular function is suppressed and the hormonal and metabolic status rapidly adjusts to resemble that of a physical castrate. As a consequence, feed intake and tissue deposition ch...

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Interrelationships between sex and ractopamine on protein and lipid deposition in rapidly growing pigs3

Cited by 137 publications

References 29 publications

Performances, meat quality and boar taint of castrates and entire male pigs fed a standard and a raw potato starch-enriched diet

Performances, meat quality and boar taint of castrates and entire male pigs fed a standard and a raw potato starch-enriched diet

Ractopamina em dietas para suínos machos imunocastrados, castrados e fêmeas

The effect of immunization against GnRF on nutrient requirements of male pigs: a review

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