Interrupted Homolytic Substitution Enables Organoboron Compounds to Inhibit Radical Chain Reactions Rather than Initiate Them

Abstract

The reactions of organoboranes with peroxyl radicals are key to their use as radical initiators for a vast array of radical chain reactions, particularly at low temperatures where high stereoselectivity or regioselectivity is desired. Whereas these reactions generally proceed via concerted homolytic substitution (S H 2) mechanisms, organoboranes that bear groups that can stabilize tetracoordinate boron radical "ate" complexes (e.g., catecholboranes) undergo this reaction via a stepwise addition/ fragmentation sequence and serve as useful stoichiometric alkyl radical precursors. Here we show that arylboronic esters and amides derived from catecholborane and diaminonaphthaleneborane, respectively, are potent radical-trapping antioxidants (RTAs). Mechanistic studies reveal that this is because the radical "ate" complexes derived from peroxyl radical addition to boron are sufficiently persistent to trap another radical in an interrupted S H 2 reaction. Remarkably, the reactivity of these organoboranes as inhibitors of autoxidation was shown to translate from simple hydrocarbons to the phospholipids of biological membranes such that they can inhibit ferroptosis, the cell death modality driven by lipid autoxidation and relevant in neurodegeneration and other major pathologies. The unique mechanism of these organoboranes is one of only a handful of RTA mechanisms that are not based on H-atom transfer processes and provide a new dimension to boron chemistry and its applications.

Ferroptosis in health and disease

“…The anti-ferroptotic activity of CuATSM and related thiosemicarbazones has also been ascribed to RTA activity [ 407 , 408 ]. These compounds are examples of a handful of RTAs that do not react by rate-limiting HAT [ 409 ]. Instead, peroxyl radicals add to the ATSM ligand, which is held in conjugation by the metal center.…”