Intersatellite Links and Relative Navigation: Pre-conditions for Formation Flights with Pico- and Nanosatellites

Abstract

Abstract:A group of satellites can be classified as a constellation, formation or cluster. Multiple coordinated satellites are described as a formation, if a closed-loop control is adjusted, thus providing a coordinated motion control on basis of their relative positions to preserve the topology (Schilling [2009]). This technology enables various application scenarios, for example, interferometry or in-orbit servicing and it is subject to multiple technological requirements related to formation flying, limited resources or scientific payloads. In the framework of the feasibility study NaKoFo, this paper discusses the potential benefits, drawbacks and problems associated with intersatellite links and relative navigation with pico-and nanosatellites. The requirements of an intersatellite link are analyzed based on frequency, modulation, antenna, power and network protocol. A short overview of adequate communication systems for pico-and nanosatellites is also presented. Technologies for relative position determination are presented and discussed regarding their applicability in small satellite systems as well as their requirements on an intersatellite link.

Information-Driven Systems Engineering Study of a Formation Flying Demonstration Mission using Six CubeSats

“…6 shows the maximum range and sensing accuracy for each method. 38 The ideal range is the top left region in Fig. 6.…”

“…6, COTS GPS receivers typically have accuracies of between 1 m to greater than 100 m. 38 This range is dependent on the geometry of the satellites in view and other environmental disturbances. Centimeter level accuracies can be achieved through post processing of Differential GPS (DGPS) data.…”

“…The technologies that were initially considered for relative sensing include: microwave ranging, GPS, camera imaging, laser diode ranging, computer vision, infrared, and RF ranging. 38 Based on specifications provided by manufacturers of these technologies, Fig. 6 shows the maximum range and sensing accuracy for each method.…”

“…Based on the delay in the signal arrival, an inter-satellite distance can be determined. 38 Since this method emits RF signals, the inter-satellite communication and relative position determination subsystems potentially can be combined to save power and space. Moreover, hardware has been specifically designed for formation flying missions by Swift Technologies to complete the task of inter-satellite communications and relative position determination.…”

Allocation Optimization Strategy for High-Precision Control of Picosatellites and Nanosatellites

“…PNS have significant scientific and cost advantages over using large, heavy satellites [1,2]. Measurements of the lower thermosphere [3], earth observation [4], and technology demonstration are only a few examples of the potential of PNS.…”