Intersectionality of cultural norms and sexual behaviours: a qualitative study of young Black male students at a university in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Abstract

Background Sexual risk behaviours that occur among young men are based on dominant notions and practices that prevail in cultural contexts. As such, understanding the intersection of cultural norms and sexual risk behaviours among young men is very important. Methods The study used a qualitative design and conducted four focus group discussions with 36 male students who were purposively selected from different levels of study at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. Data were analysed through line-by-line coding, and grouped into emerging themes and sub-themes facilitated by the use of Atlas.ti. Result The findings emphasize that socialisation agents such as the family, peers and community play an important role in prescribing acceptable and unacceptable sexual behaviour of young men. Some of the young men seemed to adhere to prescribed gender norms of what it means to be a man while some rejected them for alternative versions of being a man. In the context of the university environment, these findings reveal that male students cannot make informed decisions regarding condom use when they are intoxicated, and thus expose themselves to sexually transmitted infections and other risks. Conclusion University sexual risk reduction programs should be developed considering the specific cultural context, using strategies that empower young men to challenge the widely accepted cultural norms that may predispose them to sexual risks. Plain English summary Sexual behaviours and cultural norms are interconnected, it is through culture that people learn how to behave and understand the world around them. In many cultural contexts, young men are taught from a very young age how to behave based on dominant notions of what it means to be a man in that particular context. As such, in some cultural context sexual risk-taking such as having multiple sexual partners and unprotected sex are perceived as normal behaviour for men. Some young men embrace such normalised sexual behaviours which often has negative implications on their future. This study explored the influence of cultural norms on the sexual behaviour of young men. This qualitative study was conducted at the University of KwaZulu-Natal. Four focus group discussions were conducted among first-year students to postgraduate students who were between the ages of 18 to 30 years. Our findings revealed that there other influences on the sexual behaviours of the young men, which included family, community and peers. It also emerged that gender norms regarding what it means to be a man still prevailed which some of the young men in the study adhered to, notably such notions seemed to be rejected by some of them. The university setting appeared to be space where a lot of sexual risk-taking took place, which potentially exposed the young men in the study to many sexual risks. In conclusion, targeted programs for the university setting should aim to challenge gender norms that expose young men to sexual risks.

Conflicting HIV/AIDS Sex Education Policies and Mixed Messaging among Educators and Students in the Lower Manya Krobo Municipality, Ghana

“…This gendered notion seems to reflect the highly patrilineal thinking of Krobo culture, which informs how women are viewed in matters of sex and relationships, and to a large extent, dictates how women should behave sexually [ 43 ]. This finding by Owusu [ 43 ] is consistent with research on the intersectionality of cultural norms and expected risky sexual behaviours of young people in Ghana [ 49 , 56 ] and South Africa [ 53 ]. Meanwhile, there is glaring evidence of high-risk sexual behaviour between young boys, older men, and older females in the municipality [ 45 , 46 ].…”

“…It seems, therefore, that in the context of ambiguous sex education policy, the cultural–religious background of the students, which runs parallel to condom education, may be a factor accounting for student reservations towards condom use. The literature is replete with studies in Ghana [ 17 , 49 , 50 ] and other parts of SSA [ 51 , 52 , 53 ] on cultural and religious barriers to sex education.…”

Community structure and timing of sexual activity among adolescent girls in Nigeria

“…As part of this growing body of literature on community norms and youth behaviours, the effect of community norms on youth behaviours may be direct or operate through some other mechanisms at the family or individual level [ 33 ]. It is also known that these levels are interrelated.…”

Women’s ability to negotiate safer sex with partners by contraceptive status among a nationally representative sample of married women in Nigeria

“…In many parts of Nigeria, women's sexual health and rights are not well-recognized and respected, and men have the final say on women's sexual and reproductive choices [10][11][12][13]. Similar harmful practices against women's sexual and reproductive health have been documented in many other developing countries [14][15][16][17]. These practices greatly undermine women's general wellbeing and also slow down the process of achieving gender equality in developing countries.…”