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Purpose of Review Granuloma annulare (GA) is a benign, inflammatory granulomatous skin condition that can present as localized, disseminated, subcutaneous, perforating and a few other less prevalent subtypes. While GA may manifest as a self-limited condition, its distinctive feature of mimicking other diseases, and difficulties in distinguishing between subtypes, can add complexity to the diagnostic process. This review was conducted to evaluate the latest published studies and outline the options for GA treatment. Recent Findings Multiple treatment modalities for GA have been reported, including topical and oral treatment along with many procedures, wherefrom phototherapy remains the most well-studied option. Recently new studies have identified Th1, Th2, and JAK- STAT pathways dysregulation in GA skin lesions, and subsequently, promising effects have been reported with Th1, Th2, and JAK- STAT targeting therapy for GA. Summary There is still no gold standard for clinical management of GA. Evidence-based treatment recommendations derived from randomized control trials are scarce, since the majority of published research is confined to case reports, case series, and singular retrospective studies. Therapeutic approach may vary depending on the clinical subtype of GA, necessitating individualization based on patients preferences, possible side effects and risk-benefit ratio.
Purpose of Review Granuloma annulare (GA) is a benign, inflammatory granulomatous skin condition that can present as localized, disseminated, subcutaneous, perforating and a few other less prevalent subtypes. While GA may manifest as a self-limited condition, its distinctive feature of mimicking other diseases, and difficulties in distinguishing between subtypes, can add complexity to the diagnostic process. This review was conducted to evaluate the latest published studies and outline the options for GA treatment. Recent Findings Multiple treatment modalities for GA have been reported, including topical and oral treatment along with many procedures, wherefrom phototherapy remains the most well-studied option. Recently new studies have identified Th1, Th2, and JAK- STAT pathways dysregulation in GA skin lesions, and subsequently, promising effects have been reported with Th1, Th2, and JAK- STAT targeting therapy for GA. Summary There is still no gold standard for clinical management of GA. Evidence-based treatment recommendations derived from randomized control trials are scarce, since the majority of published research is confined to case reports, case series, and singular retrospective studies. Therapeutic approach may vary depending on the clinical subtype of GA, necessitating individualization based on patients preferences, possible side effects and risk-benefit ratio.
Syphilis, known as “the great mimicker,” is caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum and is characterized by a diverse array of clinical and histopathologic presentations. In secondary cutaneous syphilis, the most consistent morphological features include a superficial and deep perivascular infiltrate containing plasma cells, varying degrees of endothelial swelling, irregular acanthosis, elongation of rete ridges, a vacuolated pattern, and the presence of plasma cells. Although serologic tests are essential for definitive diagnosis, spirochetes can sometimes be directly identified in silver-stained tissue slides or through immunohistochemistry. Granuloma annulare is a relatively common, benign, self-limiting condition with 3 main variants: conventional, subcutaneous, and interstitial, each with distinct characteristics. In this study, we report 2 cases of cutaneous secondary syphilis with a striking granulomatous reaction pattern that closely mimics the interstitial variant of granuloma annulare. Owing to the severity of the tertiary stage of syphilis, distinguishing between these 2 entities is crucial.
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