“…With the improvement of computer calculating ability and the development of machine learning and artificial intelligence, the disaster-prediction ability of landslides has been greatly improved. At present, the commonly used models for landslide displacement prediction include the backpropagation neural network (BPNN) [14,15,23], support-vector regression (SVR) [18,[24][25][26][27][28], extreme learning machine (ELM) [29][30][31][32], kernel extreme learning machine (KELM) [14,23,33], long short-term memory (LSTM) [25,[34][35][36][37], decision tree [38], and so on. Moreover, many algorithms are used to optimize the parameters of the prediction models, including the genetic algorithm (GA) [28,39,40], particle swarm optimization (PSO) [16,26,28,29,41,42], fruit fly optimization algorithm (FOA) [18], grey wolf optimizer (GWO) [15], and so on.…”